How Age Makes a Difference: Practices of Classification, Belonging and Political Subjectivity Among Young Refugees in Germany

难民中的少数群体或法律的多数群体的构成和特点是什么-年龄在权利（居住权）、政治和影响方面有何不同？这些是我们项目的核心问题。在第一阶段的研究中，我们着重于年龄估算做法及其对“孤身未成年难民”的影响。通过分析年龄估计的医疗和青年福利实践，我们表明，年龄不是难民的身体或性格所固有的，而是通过科学和青年福利标准，研究，样本和选择的相互作用以多种方式制定的。我们将年龄估计理解为德国和欧盟内部流动机会的“差异化包括”（Mezzadra和Nielson，2012年）铰链之一，影响难民的社会经济生活机会及其情感福祉。“无人陪伴未成年人”的生活设计是在青年福利服务的需求、获得个人自主权和融入社会等逻辑与流动人口的居留身份不确定性等逻辑的交叉点上展开的。在本研究申请的第二阶段，我们希望调查对被视为成年的个人进行年龄确定的后果。第一批案例表明，这种分类可能导致欧盟范围内的流动和驱逐出境，无家可归或在成人住房中住宿，辍学，非法农业工作和抗议活动。 我们希望调查这些案例，从而更全面地分析特定年龄的政治主体性→空间/流动性→生活机会之间的联系。此外，我们要重点关注难民活动家的抵制，他们以各种方式抗议他们作为成年人的评估。由于认识论和研究政策的原因，我们计划与难民活动家合作研究这个项目阶段，最终将以各种出版形式结束。通过这两个研究阶段，我们有助于全面了解年龄的作用和欧盟移民制度中年龄决定的后果。在我们的实践理论背景下，我们将移民系统中的年龄相关概念引入儿童和青年研究以及移民研究。此外，我们扩大了“无人陪伴的未成年难民”和移民抗议的分类分析，从理论上将历史和当代的全球相互依存关系，这也解决了抗议难民。总体而言，这应有助于分析年龄估计在全球不平等背景下的重要性。

What constitutes and characterizes minority or legal majority among refugees – and how does age make a difference in terms of rights (of residence), politics and affects? These are the central questions of our project. In the first research phase, we focused on age estimation practices and their effects on "unaccompanied minor refugees". By analyzing medical and youth welfare practices of age estimation, we showed that age is not inherent in the body or character of the refugees, but rather enacted in multiple ways through the interplay of scientific and youth welfare standards, studies, samples and selections from them, as well as in notions of youth and adulthood. We understand age estimations as one of the "differentially including" (Mezzadra and Nielson 2012) hinges for movement opportunities within Germany and the EU which influence the socio-economic life chances of refugees and their emotional well-being. The life designs of "unaccompanied minors" unfold at the intersection of youth welfare services’ logics like needs for assistance, the gaining of personal autonomy as well as integration on the one hand and migrants’ uncertainty regarding their residence status on the other.In the second research phase that we apply for here, we want to investigate the consequences of age determinations for individuals considered to be of full age. First cases have shown that this classification can lead to EU-wide mobility and deportations, homelessness or accommodation in adult housing, dropping out of school, illegalized farm work and to protests. We want to investigate such cases and thereby analyze the connection between age-specific political subjectivity → space/mobility → life chances more comprehensively. In addition, we want to focus on the resistance of refugee activists who have protested in various ways against their assessments as adults. For epistemological and research policy reasons, we are planning this project phase as a collaborative research with refugee activists, which shall culminate in a variety of publication formats.With both research phases, we contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the role of age and the consequences of age determinations in the EU migration regime. With our background in practice theory, we introduce a relational concept of age in the migration system into childhood and youth studies as well as migration research. In addition, we expand the analyses of classifications of "unaccompanied minor refugees" and migrant protests by theoretically incorporating historical and contemporary global interdependencies, which are also addressed by protesting refugees. Overall, this should enable the analysis of the significance of age estimations in the context of global inequalities.