Between Black and White: South Africa's Coloureds and Apartheid

该项目将分析种族隔离期间南非有色人种的状况。有很长一段时间没有确定谁属于有色人种。只有1948年后的种族隔离国家才引入了任意的区别。这反过来又产生了人口的历史异质性，以及它的肤色模糊。直到世纪，有色人种这个词才开始使用，但没有明确区分。在荷兰东印度公司统治期间，区分受到等级社会地位类别的影响。他们的基础是区别奴隶的自由和不自由，以及科伊桑人的基督徒和异教徒。直到世纪早期，这两种区别越来越与肤色一致。到那时为止，不同的人群出现了不同的名字，这些人被聚集在“有色人种”的保护伞下：霍屯督人和Khoisan人，私生子霍屯督人是由奴隶和Khoisan人组成的所谓混合人口。除此之外，还有一些不同种族的群体，如格里夸人或开普马来人。然而，这些被淹没在殖民统治制度中的人口从未受到明确的限制。“有色人种”仍然是一个开放的范畴，因为个体从“白色”到“有色人种”的转变，反之亦然。只是随着种族隔离制度的出现，才出现了明显的区别。国家通过立法确保从此以后的归属是明确无误的。因此，有色人种是通过外部归属从外部构建的，但他们特别拒绝被定义为一个独立且可识别的种族群体。因此，该项目在早期阶段将侧重于政治上占主导地位的白色少数群体作为观察者，但在后期阶段也将侧重于自我观察和维斯于其他人口群体的认同。这最终导致了对这个词的拒绝，这个词被许多被这样命名的人所着色。这个项目将分析谁的有色人种定位自己的身份，迫使他们的国家。这意味着，在许多文献中仍然可以找到的“合作”和“抵抗”之间的二分法必须受到质疑。在与国家的政治关系中，可以观察到模糊不清的情况，而不是明确的归属。在抗议运动的背景下，种族隔离制度也有颠覆性的适应，就像公开的抵抗一样，但有色人种是其成员中的少数。这个项目将关注的历史时代是20世纪60年代到90年代，种族隔离的高潮和最后时期。在20世纪70年代之前的早期研究将集中在外部观察上，而后期的问题主要是自我观察。

This project will analyse the situation of the South African coloured people during apartheid. For a long time there was no certainty who belonged to the coloureds. It was only the apartheid state after 1948 that introduced an arbitrary distinction. This in turn produced ambiguity for population heterogeneous historically as well as it skin colour. Only during the 19th century the term people of colour became used but without making clear distinctions. Distinction during the rule of the Dutch East India Company were influenced by categories of status according to an estate society. Their basis were the distinctions between free and unfree in relation to slaves, and Christian vs. heathen in relation to the Khoisan population. Both distinctions until the early 19th century increasingly became congruent with skin colour. Up to that time diverse namings for different groups of people emerged that were brought together under the umbrella of "people of colour": hottentots and bushmen for Khoisan, Bastard hottentots for a so-called mixed population made up of slaves and Khoisan. Besides these there were further identifications of ethnically distinct groups as the Griqua or the Cape Malays. However, this population which became submerged in the system of colonial rule was never clearly circumscribed. "Coloured" remained somthing like an open category, because transformations of individuals from "white" to "coloured" and vice versa occured and remained possible. It was only with the advent of apartheid that clear distinctions occured. The state made sure by legislation that ascriptions henceforth were unmistakable. Thus coloureds were constructed from outside via external ascriptions, but they rejected especially being defined as a separate and identifiable ethnic group. The project therefore will focus on the politically dominant white minority as an observant during the early phase, but also on self-observation and identification vis-a-vis other population groups in the later phase. This culminated in the very rejection of the term coloured by many of those people who were named as such. This project will analyse who coloureds positioned themselves towards an identity that forced upon them by the state. This implies that the dichotomy which still can be found in much of the literature between "collaboration" and "resistance" must be problematised. Instead of clear ascriptions, ambiguity can be observed in the political relationship to the state. There was subversive adaptation of apartheid institutions just as open resistance in the context of protest movements, but with coloureds as a minority of their membership. The historical era this project will focus on are the 1960s until the 1990s, the high tide and final period of apartheid. Research on the early years until the 1970s will concentrate on outside observation, whereas the later period problematises mainly selfobservation.