Failure in a field of success - phylogeny, classification and palaeodiversity of Slit Shells (order Pleurotomariida: Gastropoda)

在“成功领域的失败——缝壳（腹足目）的系统发育、分类和古多样性”项目的前两年，我们根据当前项目的研究计划，编写了三本关于石炭系、二叠纪和三叠纪胸膜壳的综合分类专著。分类分析非常成功，并在对模式材料和保存完好的非模式材料的形态特征进行彻底重新评估的基础上，导致了许多澄清（例如新的组合）。这些分类的澄清是系统发育和多样性分析的必要前提。这些专著共记录了149种（102种为胸膜科，大部分为模式属），包括31种新种（22种）和11种胸膜科新属。我们记录了许多分类群的早期壳形态和个体发育，改进了描述术语，并在属和科水平上修订了Pleurotomariida的分类。此外，在收集访问期间，还研究和拍摄了500个标本（属于400多个物种），包括重要的类型材料，用于系统发育分析。由于冠状病毒大流行，一半的计划采集访问和数据采集无法进行（特别是计划前往美国和西西里岛的旅行不得不取消）。在某种程度上，我们成功地克服了这一点，我们在慕尼黑、维也纳、伦敦和Cortina d’ampezzo的藏品上进行了大量的工作，并进行了文献分析。然而，我们原工作计划的重新设计，以及封锁期间对我们研究设施的限制，导致计划分析的延误，这些分析正在进行中，但需要更多的时间。系统发育分析和多样性动态调查是最初项目的两个主要目标。多样性分析的第一个结果即将发表，系统发育分析正在进行中（字符编码和数据矩阵）。两者都需要更详细的阐述，因此延长项目持续时间是可取的。因此，我申请将资金再延长一年。在延长的一年内，将完成系统发育分析和多样性分析，并将结果作为两份单独的手稿提交。在系统发育分析中，将采用简约分析和贝叶斯推理方法（化石出生死亡模型）。在多样性分析中，将采用采样标准化技术研究多样性的变化，并对环境亲和假设进行研究。初步分析表明古生代腹足动物类群（包括腹足动物）具有碳酸盐亲和性，而这些类群在中生代被具有更广泛环境亲和性的类群所取代。

During the first two years of the project “Failure in a field of success - phylogeny, classification and palaeodiversity of slit shells (order Pleurotomariida: Gastropoda)” we produced three comprehensive taxonomic monographs on Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic Pleurotomariida, in accordance with our research plan for the current project. The taxonomic analyses were very successful and led to numerous clarifications (e.g., new combinations) based on a thorough re-evaluation of morphological characters of type material and well-preserved non-type material. These taxonomic clarifications form an essential prerequisite for phylogenetic and diversity analyses. In these monographs we described 149 species (102 Pleurotomariida, many of them type species of genera), including 31 new species (22 Pleurotomariida) and 11 new pleurotomariidan genera. We documented previously unknown early shell morphology and ontogenetic development of many taxa, improved the descriptive terminology and revised classification of Pleurotomariida on the genus and family level. Additionally, 500 specimens (belonging to more than 400 species) including important type material have been studied and photographed during the collection visits to be used in the phylogenetic analyses. Half of the planned collection visits and data acquisition could not be conducted due to the corona pandemic (especially the planned trip to the US and Sicily had to be cancelled). To a certain degree we were successful to overcome this by intense work on our own collections in Munich, the collections in Vienna, London, and Cortina d'Ampezzo as well as literature analysis. However, the re-design of our original work plan as well as limited access to our research facilities during the lock-downs lead to delays for planned analyses which are well under way but need more time. Phylogenetic analyses and investigation of diversity dynamics were two main goals of the initial project. First result of diversity analysis is to be published soon and phylogenetic analyses are underway (character coding and data matrix). Both need more elaboration and thus an extension of the project duration is desirable. I am therefore applying for an extension of funding for one more year. Within the extended year, the phylogenetic analysis and the diversity analysis will be completed, and the results will be submitted as two separate manuscripts. In the phylogenetic analysis, parsimony analysis and Bayesian inference methods (Fossilized Birth Death Model) will be employed. In the diversity analysis, the diversity change will be investigated with sampling standardization techniques and the environmental affinity hypothesis will be investigated. Preliminary analysis suggests carbonate affinity of Paleozoic gastropod taxa (including Pleurotomariida) and replacement of these groups by taxa with broader environmental affinity during the Mesozoic.