Heimat globally

在最近的研究中，集体认同的地方形式在全球视角下进行了探索。它们与地区和国家（和帝国）形式的身份认同的关系被仔细审查。过去15年的学术研究表明，国家、区域和地方特征继续同时存在，以复杂的方式相互重叠和对比，但仍然很难建立一个分析框架来研究这些过程。该项目的目的是讨论这样一个框架。在对德国“Heimat”概念进行广泛研究的基础上，确定了其形式、内容、机构、主角和可视化，可以描述一个模型来识别非德国社会的类似过程。然而，“Heimat”的概念需要被重新考虑，作为与民族主义和全球化相关的一种空间身份形式，作为调和不同身份的条件，创造了19世纪和20世纪社会和政治实体中似乎是常态的多重身份。越来越多的地方和区域研究已经表明，这些过程绝不是德国的Sonderweg（类似的话语在英国/大英帝国展开，在西班牙将“家”/“祖国”称为“tierruca”或“terruño”，或在法国称为“petite patrie”，仅举几个例子）。在社会学和文化人类学研究中，甚至德国的“海玛特”概念也被描述为一个普遍的概念。在这种观点下，该项目建议开发一种描述性工具，以便分析现代化社会中的类似运动。1900年左右业余摄影运动的发展就是一个例子。这场运动在当地背景下展开，但将自己理解为一场全国性甚至跨国运动。摄影极大地促进了地方和国家（和帝国）的可视化，并使它们得到普及。它也为当地的图像学做出了贡献，这不仅体现在当代媒体上，也体现在明信片上。因此，该项目对19世纪和20世纪的地方、国家和全球形式的集体认同发展了新的视角。这个例子回顾了这个透视图的能力。

In recent studies local forms of collective identification are explored in a global perspective. They are scrutinized in their relation to regional and national (and imperial) forms of identification. Scholarship of the last fifteen years suggests that national, regional and local identities continued to exist simultaneously, overlapping and contrasting with one another in complex ways but it remains difficult to set up an analytical framework to research these processes.The aim of the project to discuss such a framework. On the basis of the extensive research on the German concept of "Heimat", which identified its forms, contents, institutions, protagonists and visualisations, a model can be described to recognize similar processes in non-German societies. However, the concept of “Heimat” needs to be reconsidered as one form of spatial identity in relation to nationalism and globalization as a condition to reconcile the differing identities creating the multiple identities which seem to be the norm in societies and political entities in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. A growing body of local and regional studies has already shown that such processes were by no means a German Sonderweg (similar discourses unfolded in the United Kingdom/British Empire referring to "home"/"Homeland" in Spain to "tierruca" or "terruño", or in France to "petite patrie", just to name but a few examples). In sociological and cultural anthropological research even the German concept of “Heimat” is described as a universal concept. In this view, the project suggests to develop a descriptive tool which allows analysing similar movements in modernising societies.The development of the amateur photography movement around 1900 serves as an example. This movement unfolded in local contexts but understood itself as a national and even transnational movement. Photography contributed massively to the visualisations of the local as of the national (and imperial) and popularized them. It contributed also to the iconography of the local which manifested itself not only in the contemporary media but in postcards.Thus the project develops a new perspective on local, national and global forms of collective identification in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The example reviews the capacities of this perspective.