Practical Reasons before Kant (1720-1780)

该项目旨在通过侧重于一场历史辩论，促进关于伦理方面的实际理由的根本讨论。同时，它的目标是根据当代的讨论来解释一场历史辩论。问题涉及三个层面。1.规范层面：代理人什么时候有理由做某事？2.(道德动机)层面：实践理性是如何激励的？3.规范性来源的形而上学层面：实践理性的规范性是如何植根的？通过考察“前康德主义”理论，不仅可以避免当代概念(内在论/外在论)所固有的困难，而且可以明确这三个层面之间的关系。由于学术哲学的日益分化，这些关系往往被忽视。

The project aims at contributing to a fundamental discussion concerning practical reasons in ethics, by means of focusing on a historical debate. At the same time, its goal is to interpret a historical debate in light of a contemporary discussion. Questions concern three levels. 1. The normative level: When does an agent has a reason to do something? 2. The level of (moral motivation): How do practical reasons motivate? 3. The metaphysical level of the source of normativity: How is the normativity of practical reasons grounded? By looking at „pre-Kantian“ theories, it is not only possible to avoid difficulties inherent in contemporary conceptions (internalism/externalism), but also to make explicit the relations between the three levels. These relations are often neglected due to the growing differentiation in academic philosophy.