Phylogeny, historical biogeography and niche evolution in neotropical Marcgraviaceae – a model case for the study of rapid morphological diversification and speciation through flower-pollinator interactions

马尔格里亚科（Marcgraviaceae）是一个新热带植物科，大多为木本攀援植物（132种），其分布范围从墨西哥南部到加勒比群岛，再到玻利维亚和巴西南部。热带雨林是热带雨林和云雾林，在较小程度上是巴西的塞拉多斯。根据目前的知识，一个快速的形态多样化和物种形成的基础上发生的花授粉相互作用。尽管到目前为止发现的遗传变异性很低，但在该家族中已经形成了独特的，壮观的花序，以适应来自所有大型传粉者群体的各种传粉者。建立一个全面的分子生物学系统是理解这种快速多样化的时空模式的基础。在美洲大陆8个生物多样性热点中的6个，这个家族特别适合研究热点形成的历史及其驱动因素。非常广泛和多样的初步工作，这将使分子数据在不同的，目前的方向在相对较短的时间内进行评估。这些问题有待解决：（1）马尔格里亚科起源于何处、何时、经过何种途径？(2)不同的形态特征是如何进化的，这又是如何导致新栖息地的殖民或新的传粉者光谱的发展的？(3)形态创新对多元化率有什么影响？(4)Marcgraviaceae内的多样性是否与地质或气候变化有关（例如安第斯山脉的隆起，巴拿马地峡的闭合）？(5)生态位进化或保守性如何影响了石榴科单个分类群的进化和分布历史？

The Marcgraviaceae are a neotropical plant family of mostly climbing woody habit (132 species), whose distribution reaches from southern Mexico over the Caribbean islands to Bolivia and southern Brazil. Habitats are rainforests and cloud forests, and to a lesser extent the Cerrados of Brazil. According to current knowledge, a rapid morphological diversification and species formation has taken place on the basis of flower-pollinator interactions. Despite the very low genetic variability found so far, unique, spectacular inflorescences have developed in the family in adaptation to a large variety of pollinators from all large pollinator groups. The creation of a comprehensive molecular phylogeny serves as a basis for understanding the temporal and spatial pattern of this rapid diversification.Occurring in 6 of the 8 biodiversity hotspots on the American continent, this family is particularly suited to study the history of hotspot formation and their drivers. Extraordinarily extensive and diverse preliminary work is available, which will enable an evaluation of the molecular data in different, current directions in a comparatively short time. The following questions are to be adressed:(1) Where and when do the Marcgraviaceae originate and what routes have they taken? (2) How have different morphological features evolved and how has this led to the colonisation of new habitats or the development of new pollinator spectra? (3) What influence did morphological innovations have on diversification rates? (4) Are diversifications within Marcgraviaceae linked to geological or climatic changes (e.g. Andean uplift, closure of the isthmus of Panama)?(5) How has niche evolution or conservatism influenced the evolution and distribution history of the individual taxa of Marcgraviaceae?