When does interpersonal communication affect communicators’ memory: The role of communicators’ own judgments in shared reality with the audience

在调整（适应）他们的信息给观众，沟通者的记忆往往是评价偏向于观众的判断有关的主题。假设团队成员A根据成员B（观众）的判断来调整她关于新人行为的信息。当A对新来者行为的回忆在评价上偏向于观众的判断时，观众调节记忆偏向就出现了。在第一个资助期，我们研究了认知过程锚定在沟通者的动机，创造一个共享的现实与观众的目标人物。与可及性的动机解释（Eitam & Higgins 2010）一致，参与者在新的反应时间任务中对观众一致（与不一致）的特质表征反应更快。这些发现支持了记忆偏差是由语义特征信息丰富情景记忆痕迹导致的这一观点（Cheng & Werning，2016）。可及性偏差也与报告的共享现实经验相关。因此，信息的自发可及性是记忆效应的一个重要方面，反映了与受众共享的现实。本项目首次调查了传播者自己对话题的独立于受众的判断的作用。在第一部分中，我们将操纵交际者在他们最初的判断中的认知信心，这应该限制潜在的共享现实，从而限制观众调谐记忆偏差。操纵的范围从个人层面的过程（纯粹的思考和阐述，工作包/WP 1）通过二元过程（一个人的判断披露之前的观众，WP 2）社会验证一组其他高（与低）认知权威（WP 3），逐渐接近现实生活中的沟通。因为我们发现自由回忆和认知可及性相互干扰，我们将在单独的研究中评估这两个指标。为了提高概念的准确性，我们还将与P5合作对所提出的过程进行建模。第二部分（WP 4和5）将我们的方法扩展到对自己行为的记忆，建立在自我相关信息是长期可访问的并且与人们的需求和动机高度相关的概念上（Dings & Newen，2021）。当参与者对自己先前的判断有很高（或很低）的信心时，共享现实和与观众一致的记忆偏差就不太可能发生，特别是当自我保护的需要很高的时候。相反，当沟通者对自己的判断信心不足时，共享现实和相应的记忆偏差更容易出现（也适用于负面的受众评价或预期不一致的行为），特别是当自我保护的需要很低时。这些发现将具有重要意义，例如，目击者记忆，社交网络中共享的偏见信念的持续性，以及对过去记忆相互冲突的社会群体之间的关系。

After tuning (adapting) their message to an audience, communicators’ memory is often evaluatively biased towards the audience’s judgment about the topic. Imagine that team member A tunes her message about a newcomer’s behaviors toward the judgment of member B (the audience). The audience-tuning memory bias emerges when A’s later recall of the newcomer’s behavior is evaluatively biased towards the audience’s judgment. In the first funding period, we examined cognitive processes anchored in communicators’ motivation to create a shared reality with the audience about a target person. Consistent with a motivational account of accessibility (Eitam & Higgins 2010), participants responded more quickly to audience-congruent (vs. incongruent) trait representations in a new reaction-time task. The findings support the notion that the memory bias results from the enrichment of episodic memory traces with semantic trait information (Cheng & Werning, 2016). The accessibility bias also correlated with reported shared reality experience. Thus, spontaneous accessibility of information is an important facet of the memory effect, reflecting shared reality with the audience.The present project investigates, for the first time, the role of communicators’ own, audience-independent judgments of the topic. In Part I, we will manipulate communicators’ epistemic confidence in their initial judgments, which should restrict potential shared reality and hence the audience-tuning memory bias. The manipulations range from individual-level processes (mere thinking and elaboration, Work Package/WP1) via dyadic processes (disclosure of one’s judgment to a prior audience, WP2) to social verification by a group of others with high (vs. low) epistemic authority (WP3), gradually approximating real-life communication. Because we found that free recall and cognitive accessibility interfere with one another, we will assess the two measures in separate studies. To enhance conceptual precision, we will also model the proposed processes in collaboration with P5.Part II (WPs 4 & 5) extends our approach to memory for one’s own behaviors, building on the notion that self-related information is chronically accessible and highly relevant to people’s needs and motivations (Dings & Newen, 2021). When participants have high (vs. low) confidence in their own prior judgments, shared reality and audience-congruent memory biases are less likely, especially when need for self-protection is high. Conversely, when communicators have low confidence in their own judgments, shared reality and corresponding memory biases are more likely to emerge (also for negative audience evaluations or expectancy-inconsistent behaviors), especially when need for self-protection is low. The findings will have important implications, for instance, for eyewitness memory, the persistence of biased beliefs shared in social networks, and relations between social groups with conflicting memories of the past.