Design heuristics for target-oriented product development

设计创意的本质是为开放、复杂和定义不清的问题开发解决方案（Gonçalves et al. 2016）。对于这些问题，一般没有系统的方法可以提供给设计人员，以获得最佳的解决方案。换句话说，既不可能列出给定问题的所有解，也不可能证明给定解的绝对优越性。在缺乏系统方法的情况下，可以以理论的形式为设计者提供指导，即已证明可导致满意解决方案但不能保证是最佳解决方案的解决方案。国际研究界为确定设计策略做出了巨大努力，这些策略在大多数情况下源自经验，并且在大多数情况下遵循X设计（DfX）背景下的定义目标，例如环境方面（例如Telenko等人2016）。这些知识库旨在将各个DfX流的精华提取到一个总结的知识库中，用于具体的设计情况或教育目的。虽然许多设计理论已经在科学文献中发表，但很少有人投入精力来评估它们支持实际知识转移的能力。已发布的分类集通常结构较弱，难以导航，部分竞争和重叠，并提供不同层次的详细信息。因此，它们没有提供足够的清晰度和可用性，无法集成到日常工程实践和教育中。此外，经验证据的设计性能上的影响，化学仍然是部分的，需要进一步调查。该研究项目的首要科学目标是提高设计工艺学的能力，从而在产品设计过程和设计教育中实现知识转移。这需要阐明设计逻辑学的基本结构以及它们所表达的因果关系。这也需要调查数字化和可视化对地理学实际影响的影响，以及描述这种影响的能力。该项目的预计成果-一种形式主义，以更好地描述设计的可视化和互动的经验验证机制，以及设计可视化和互动-预计将是有效的整个工程领域。

The essence of design creativity is to develop solutions for open, complex and ill-defined problems (Gonçalves et al. 2016). For those problems, there is generally no systematic method designers can be provided with in order to derive optimal solutions. In other words, it is neither possible to list all solutions to a given problem nor to prove the absolute superiority of a given solution. In the absence of systematic methods, guidance can be given to designers in the form of heuristics, i.e. solutions which have proven to lead towards satisfactory solutions but which are not guaranteed to be optimal. Great efforts have been made by the international research community in order to identify design strategies, which are in most cases derived from experience, and in most cases follow a defined target in the context of Design for X (DfX), such as environmental aspects (e.g. Telenko et al. 2016). These heuristics aim to extract the essence of respective DfX streams into a summarized knowledge base to be used in concrete design situations or for educational purposes. While many design heuristics have been published throughout scientific literature, less effort has been invested to evaluate their capacity to support actual knowledge transfer. Published heuristics sets are generally weakly structured, difficult to navigate in, partly competing and overlapping, and offer different levels of detail. As a result, they do not offer sufficient clarity and usability to be integrated in daily engineering practice and education. Furthermore, empirical evidence of the influence of heuristics on the design performance remains partial and requires further investigation. The overarching scientific objective of this research project is to enhance the ability of design heuristics to lead to knowledge transfer in product design processes and design education. This requires shedding light on the underlying structure of design heuristics and on the cause/effect relations they express. This requires as well investigating the influence of digitization and visualization on the actual impact of heuristics as well as the ability to characterize this impact. The projected outcomes of the project — a formalism to better describe design heuristics as well as an empirically validated mechanism for heuristic-visualization and interaction — are expected to be valid for the whole engineering domain.