The revision of knowledge: on the genesis of “national language dictionaries” (kokugo jisho) and the commercialisation of "knowledge" in 17th and 18th century Ôsaka

《S词典》是15世纪下半叶出现的一种新型词典，出版了800多种图书，成为日本出版业的支柱之一。尽管它在经济上取得了成功，但大多数研究人员对它作为一本“语言词典”的实际应用表示怀疑。Setsuyôshú被认为是一种不合时宜、不切实际和有缺陷的印刷产品。人们普遍认为，可靠的《国家语言词典》(Kokugo Jisho)直到19世纪中叶才问世。然而，Aburaya 1716年在《Saka》杂志上发表的Otoko setsuyúnyoi hôju Taisei(《如愿以偿的珠宝的完成：男人的省时收藏》)似乎呼吁对之前的所有研究进行修改。该研究项目倡导的论点是，这部作品的编辑山本·乔什ú与他的Otoko setsuyôshú承诺对前Setsuyôshú不加批判地传承下来的知识进行彻底的修订。山本一方面通过查阅历史文献/词典来验证汉字的特定读写情况，另一方面通过查阅当代口语/方言词典来更新过时的词汇。山本的Otoko setsuyôshú可以被视为对18世纪初语言、文化、社会和经济领域发生的根本性范式转变的反应。他的创新的元级评论令人印象深刻地反映了一种语言的历史性意识，Otoko setsuyôshú必须被认为是所有Kokugo Jisho的原型。彻底的文献学和历史文化分析将揭示这部作品在塞图历史上实际扮演的重要角色。在第一步，将编辑、翻译和注释原始的Otoko塞图版画。在这个过程中，山本的元级评论将被系统地审查，以重建山本试图为他的同时代人在Setsuyôshú实现的新的知识储备。下一步，通过与《诗经之父》Ekirinbon的词汇进行比较，将有助于了解山本在单词、发音(即阅读)、拼写(即拼写)或汉字表现形式等方面对前面提到的范式转变的反应。在最后一步中，我们将考察《大商所》的生产和接受的历史背景，以获得对竞争激烈的网络结构的新见解，这些网络结构专门研究Saka中的Setsuyôshúin‘Saka，并更好地理解“知识”作为一种商品在18世纪日常生活中日益增长的重要性。这最终也引出了一个关键的问题：在18世纪的日本，“写作”如何以及为什么开始在几乎所有的文化、社会或经济领域发挥如此重要的作用？

Setsuyôshû is a new type of dictionary that emerges in the second half of the 15th century and becomes, with more than 800 published titles, one of the pillars of the publishing business in Ôsaka.Despite its financial success, most researchers doubt Setsuyôshû’s practical use as a “language dictionary”. Setsuyôshû is considered an anachronistic, impractical, and flawed print product. It is widely believed that reliable “dictionaries of national language” (kokugo jisho) do not come into life until the middle of the 19th century. However, the Otoko setsuyôshû nyoi hôju taisei (“Completion of the wish-fulfilling jewel: the time-saving collection for men”) published 1716 by Aburaya in Ôsaka seems to call for a revision of all previous research. The research project advocates the thesis that Yamamoto Joshû, the editor of this work, undertakes with his Otoko setsuyôshû a thorough revision of knowledge that has been uncritically passed on by former Setsuyôshû. On the one hand, Yamamoto verifies the given reading and writing of Chinese characters by consulting historical documents/dictionaries, and, on the other hand, updates the antiquated vocabulary by consulting contemporary dictionaries of colloquial language/dialects. Yamamoto’s Otoko setsuyôshû can be seen as a reaction to a fundamental paradigm shift that takes place in the linguistic, cultural, social and economic sphere in the early 18th century. With his innovative meta-level commentaries that impressively reflects a consciousness of language’s historicity, Otoko setsuyôshû must be considered the prototype of all kokugo jisho. A thorough philological and historico-cultural analysis shall reveal the eminent role this work has actually played in the history of Setsuyôshû.In a first step, the original woodblock-print of the Otoko setsuyôshû will be edited, translated, and annotated. During this process, Yamamoto’s meta-level commentaries will be systematically scrutinized to reconstruct a new stock of knowledge Yamamoto tried to implement for his contemporaries in the Setsuyôshû. In a next step, a comparison with the vocabulary of the Ekirinbon, the “forefather” of the Setsuyôshû, will shed light on revisions made by Yamamoto regarding words, pronunciation (i.e. reading), orthography (i.e. spelling), or forms of representation of Chinese characters as a reaction to the before-mentioned paradigm shift. In a last step, the historical context of production and reception of the Otoko setsuyôshû will be examined to gain new insights in highly competitive network-structures of publishing houses specialised on Setsuyôshû in Ôsaka and to get a better understanding of the growing significance of “knowledge” as a commodity in the daily life of the 18th century. This finally leads also to the crucial question of how and why “writing” begins to play such an eminent role in virtually all cultural, social, or economical spheres in terms of a modern “knowledge-based society” in 18th century Japan.