May the power be with you? A micro-dynamic perspective on the role of gender in claiming and granting leadership in interactions of man

大量研究和实践文献概述了提高业绩的潜力和增加担任管理职务的妇女人数的道德义务。然而，实现这一目标的进展仍然缓慢。尽管学者们在确定个人和环境中可能阻碍妇女担任领导职务的一般因素方面做出了很大贡献，但关于领导人和追随者遇到的具体互动以及他们用来声称和授予领导权的知识明显很少，特别是从性别比较的角度。然而，这些日常情况对于成功建立领导力以及职业阶梯的长期攀升至关重要。例如，如果追随者在日常会议上对一名声称拥有领导力的女性经理的反应比对一名男性经理的反应更具挑战性，这是否会引发女性经理与男性经理之间特定的后续行为？一个言语或非言语事件如何导致另一个事件，从而形成一系列行为，加强或削弱经理的地位？这些新出现的社会动力是否最终导致了更高层次的现象的表现，如管理者的有效性和追随者对管理者的认可？本项目集中在三个不同的分析焦点(即语言、副语言和非语言行为)来回答这些问题，并为领导理论的发展做出贡献。具体地说，通过使用嵌入领导权申请和授予过程的总体理论框架的多方法方法，该项目通过三项研究调查了女性和男性经理及其追随者何时以及如何在他们的日常会议上发出和谈判领导权，以及这是否体现在随后的领导人合法性和领导人有效性上。这些发现将被整合到一个复杂的模型中，该模型描述了男性和女性经理在与追随者的日常互动中面临的小事件，这些事件可能最终有助于他们在领导职位上取得成功。因此，该项目有助于发展关于微观过程的领导力和性别的理论，并具体说明观察员和行动者的作用。测试假设关系的数据收集将在实地进行，以确保结果可用于得出对管理实践的直接影响，特别是对领导力发展和培训方案的影响。

A substantial body of literature in research and in practice outlines the performance-enhancing potential of and the ethical obligation to increase the number of women in managerial positions. However, the progress in reaching this goal is still slow. Although scholars have contributed much to identifying general factors in the person and in the environment that may hinder women in assuming leadership positions, knowledge about the concrete interactions that leaders and followers encounter and that they use to claim and grant leadership is notably little, particularly from a comparative perspective on gender. Yet, these daily situations are essential for the successful establishment of leadership and consequently the long-term climbing of the career ladder. If followers for example react more challenging in day-to-day meetings toward a female manager who claims leadership than toward a male manager, does this trigger specific subsequent behaviors in the female versus male manager? How does one verbal or nonverbal incident lead to the other, thus forming sequences of behaviors that strengthen or weaken the manager’s position? And do these emergent social dynamics ultimately result in the manifestation of higher-level phenomena, such as the manager’s effectiveness and the follower’s endorsement of the manager?This project focuses on three different foci of analysis (i.e., verbal, paraverbal, non-verbal behaviors) to answer these questions and contribute to the advancement of leadership theory. Specifically, by using a multi-method approach that is embedded in an overarching theoretical framework of leadership claiming and granting processes, this project investigates across three studies when and how female and male managers and their followers signal and negotiate leadership in their daily meetings, and whether this manifests in subsequent leader legitimacy and leader effectiveness. The findings will be integrated into a complex model of the small incidents that male and female managers face in daily interactions with followers, and that may ultimately contribute to their success in leadership positions. As such, this project contributes to developing theory on leadership and gender with regards to micro-processes and the specification of observer versus actor effects. The data collection to test the hypothesized relationships will take place in the field to ensure that the results can be used to derive direct implications for managerial practice, particularly for leadership development and training programs.