Chemical Dynamics of Snow Cover and Snow Biology

一项研究是在加拿大东部的北方森林进行的。森林降水中nh_4 ^+和no_3 ^-浓度低于开阔地区。n_4 ^+和no_3 ^-的损失被认为受生物活性的影响。开放区域融雪水化学物质浓度呈日变化。融雪的水文曲线分为“旧水”和“新水”。下层积雪的融水称为“旧水”，表层积雪的融水称为“新水”。分离出来的“老水”是早期融雪径流的主要组成部分。“新水”是海道曲线退行线的主要组成部分。对日本阿尔卑斯黑野介雪原表层杂质的季节变化进行了分析。在解冻过程中，积雪中杂质的数量和色暗逐渐增加，积雪体反照率随之降低。杂质的显微观察和反照率光谱显示，杂质的变色主要是由于在融雪中生长的雪藻、真菌和细菌等低温微生物的生长。在一些喜马拉雅冰川中，季风期间冰川表面的微生物产量非常大，以至于消融区表面覆盖着一层深色的泥状物质，主要由藻类和细菌组成。这种物质降低了冰川的表面反照率，加速了冰川的融化。

A study was carried out at a boreal fores, eastern Canada. Conentrations of NH _4 ^+ and NO _3 ^- of precipitation in a forest are lower than that in a open area. The losses of NH _4 ^+ and NO _3 ^- are considered to be affected by the biological activity. Concentration of chemical substance of snowmelt water in a open area shows diurnal variation. The hydrograph of snowmelt is separated into "old water" and "new water". Meltwater in the lower snowpack is called to "old water", and meltwater percolated from surface snow layr is called to "new water". The separated "old water" is the major componentof early snowmelt runoff. "New water" is the major component of recession limb of the hydrograph.Seasonal change of surface impurities covering a perennial snow patch, Kuranosuke sekkei in Japan Alps, were analyzed. During the thawing period, amount and coloin darkness of the impurities gradually increased and bulk albedo of the snow patch was reduced in accordance with it. Microscopic observation and albedo spectrum of the impurities revealed that drkening of the impurity coloration was mainly due to the growth of cryo-microbes such as snow algae, fungi and bacteria growing in the melting snow.In some Himalayan glaciers, the microbial production on the glacier surface is so large during the monsoon that the surface of the ablation area is covered with a dark clored mud-like material which mainly consists of algae and bacteria. This material reduces the surface albedo of glacier and accelerates glacier melting.