The settlement and household of the Ainu in the mid-nineteenth century

本研究的目的在于厘清十九世纪中期日本北海道阿伊努人的流动类型及流动机制。本研究分析的家庭成员的流动性不一定与狩猎采集活动和/或游牧生活方式有直接关系。如果与这些活动或生活方式有任何关系的话，那么人口流动首先是由人口减少刺激的，然后受到人口减少的影响。由于缺乏历史数据，很难断定高死亡率是否是整个阿伊努人土地上人口流动的主要推动因素，然而，很有可能会得到证明。人口减少率很高的蒙别县和高岛县是最可能证明这一点的地方。同样，据推测，同样的机制导致了1804-1870年间北海道北部阿伊努人家庭成员的流动。该研究表明，由于与其他社会的接触等原因，狩猎采集社会人口迅速减少，可能导致了家庭成员的高度流动性。在狩猎采集社会中，互助在他们的日常生活中发挥着不可或缺的作用，这不是生活在不同家庭的人的社会网络，而是生活在同一家庭的人的帮助，维持了他们的社会。

The purpose of this study is to clarify the types of mobility and to find out the mechanism of the Ainu of Hokkaido, Japan, in the mid-nineteenth century. The mobility of household members as analyzed in this study did not necessarily have a direct relation to hunting-gathering activity and/or the nomadic mode of life. If there were any relations to such activities or mode of life, the mobility was stimulated by the decrease in population at first and then it was influenced by them. From lack of historical data, it is difficult to conclude whether the high death rate was the main propellant of mobility all over the Ainu land, however, there is a good possibility that will be proved. The Monbetsu district where the population decrease was quite high as in the Takashima district is the most probable place to certify this. Similarly, it is presumed that the same mechanism caused the mobility of household members in the Ainu in the northern half part of Hokkaido during 1804-1870. This study suggest that the hunting-gathering societies which have experienced rapid decrease in population by some reasons such as the contact with other society may have caused high mobility of household members. In the hunting-gathering societies where mutual aids playd indispensable role for their daily life fulfilllment, it is not the social networks of persons living at different households, but the helps of persons living in the same household that functioned to keep up their society.