The Development of the Urban Centers in the Early Modern States of Europe

由于迄今为止对城市的历史研究只集中在中世纪的城镇，而忽视了现代城市，因此本研究的目的是澄清近代早期城市的特征。为此，我研究了德国柏林和慕尼黑的案例。这两个城市都是在12世纪中期由领土王子建立的河畔（施普雷河和伊萨尔河）作为市场和渡轮。在14世纪，两个城市都获得了强大的公民自治权，其中商人拥有强大的领导权。但是，在15世纪，领土国家试图压制城镇的自治，并成功地将两个城市置于从属地位。然后柏林成为普鲁士王国的首都（1700年），慕尼黑也成为巴伐利亚王国的首都（1806年）。国王的宫殿和巨大的政府大楼给城市增添了光彩。柏林和慕尼黑在近代早期成为德国其他城市的典范。

The aim of this study is to clarify the characters of the cities in the early modern ages, because hitherto the historical studies of the cities had concentrated only on the towns in medieval ages and neglected the modern cities. For that purpose, I have researchd the cases of Berlin and Munchen in Germany.Both cities were founded on a riverside (Spree and Isar River) as a market and ferry by the territorial princes in the middle of the 12th century. In the 14th century, both cities had obtained a powerful autonomy of the citizens, of whom the merchants had a strong leadership. But, in the 15th century, the territorial states intended to opress the self-government of towns and succeeded in putting both cities to subordinate situation. Then Berlin became the capital of Prussian Kngdom (1700) and also Munchen became the capital of Bavarian Kingdom (1806).The palaces of King and the enormous buildings of the government office gave a splendid appearance to the cities. Berlin and Munchen became the model of other cities in Germany in the early modern ages.