Nationl Unification Thriugh the Modern emperor System

本研究报告由“明治维新与国际关系”及“明治初期的包围制度下的国家统一”两部分组成。“前者考察了在天皇制度下，国际关系如何促进国家统一，并描述了统一发生的方式。后一部分则是对明治维新后天皇生日的习俗进行考察，说明了民间的传统节日习俗和天皇崇拜习俗被赋予国家形式的过程。国际关系的震荡对日本的国家统一起到了促进作用。首先，由于外来威胁不是立即发生的，因此有可能作出协调一致的反应。第二，当时的日本已经基本准备进行政治集权和经济发展.第三，因此，可以利用外国的威胁来促进国家的统一。从一开始，纪念皇帝生日的活动就将朝廷和政府的仪式与普通公民的庆祝活动结合起来。外国外交官为这些仪式的计划提供了建议，事实上，像神奈川和长崎这样的开放港口，举行了最奢华的庆祝活动。这是一个例子，说明如何利用国际关系来赋予帝王-奴隶制做法以现代面貌。

This research report is comprised of two parts,"The Meiji Restoration and International Relations" and "National Unification Through the Enperor System During the Earky Meiji Period. "The former examines the ways in which international relations both facilitated national unification under the emperor system and characterized the way in which that unification took place. The latter looks at the practices surrounding the holiday for the emperor's birthday (Tenchosetsu), established after the meiji Restoration, and demonstrates the process by which the common people's traditional festival customs and enperor-worship practices were given a national form.The shock of international relations served to facilitate Japanese national unification in the following ways. First, because the foreign threat was not immediate, a coordinated response was possible. Second, Japan at the time was already basically prepares undertake political centralization and economic development. Third, it was, accordingly, possible to manipulate the foreign threat to promote national unification.From the beginning, events commemorating the emperor's birthday combined court and government ceremonies with the celebrations of ordinary citizens. Foreign diplomats offered advice on the planning of those ceremonies, and indeed prefrctures like Kanagawa and Nagasaki, with their open ports, held the most lavish celebrations. This is one example of the way international relations were utilized to give a modern face to emperor-woeship practices.