Ethnological Study of Frederick Starr's Ainu Collections

[1]根据“北美博物馆阿伊努人藏品国际科学研究项目”所阐明的信息，我们了解到，弗雷德里克·斯塔尔的阿伊努人藏品现收藏于布鲁克林博物馆、洛根人类学博物馆（伯洛伊特学院）、芝加哥大学图书馆、俄勒冈大学图书馆和艺术博物馆通过对入籍论文和斯塔尔的实地记录以及约瑟夫·克赖纳教授及其同事对西欧阿伊努人藏品的一些研究结果的分析，可以看出明治维新后阿伊努人文化变化的以下几个方面：(1)人工制品的类型表明，阿伊努人的文化适应率在地理上并不均匀，在佐高岛人口密度最高的萨鲁河阿伊努人在明治时代的最后十年也经历了快速的文化变化；(2)斯塔尔野外笔记的内容是关于20世纪初阿伊努人生活方式的丰富信息来源，正好在日本学者系统地研究和保护阿伊努文化及其物质方面之前。(3)人工制品的类型和野外记录的内容都表明，1910年前后的10年是Hidaka Ainu人，特别是萨鲁河沿岸的Hidaka Ainu人勉强维持其传统生活方式的最后状态。这清楚地表明，在第一次世界大战之前收集的文物类型，在第一次世界大战之后，特别是在第一次世界大战之后，收集的文物反映了传统方式的逐渐恶化。(4)因此，弗雷德里克·斯塔尔（Frederick Starr）在1904年至1912年间收集的阿伊努人藏品，构成了一位人类学家关于北海道阿伊努人文化变迁或文化适应过程的基本科学信息来源。

[1] On the basis of information elucidated through the international scientific research project on Ainu Collections in North American Museums, we have learned that Frederick Starr's Ainu collections are now housed in The Brooklyn Museum, Logan Museum of Anthropology(Beloit College), University of Chicago Library, and University of Oregon Library and Art Museum.[2] Analysis of accession papers and Starr's fieldnotes as well as some research results by Prof. Josef Kreiner and his associates on Ainu collections in Western Europe, indicate the following aspects of Ainu culture changes after the Meiji Restoration ;(1) Types of artifacts suggest that rates of acculturation among the Ainu were not geographically uniform, and that the Saru River Ainu, who enjoyed the highest population density in Jokkaodo, were also experiencing rapid cultural changes during the last decade of the Meiji Era ;(2) Contents of Starr's fieldnotes are rich sources of information on Ainu ways of life during the early 1900s, exactly prior to systematic efforts by Japanese scholars to study and secure the Ainu culture and their material aspects.(3) Both artifact types and contents of fieldnotes indicate that the decade around 1910 was the last state when the Hidaka Ainu, especially those along the Saru River, barely managed to maintain their traditional ways of life. This is clearly suggested types of artifacts collected before the World War I.Collections secured afterwards, especially after the World War I, reflect gradual deteriorations of their traditional ways.(4) Frederick Starr's Ainu collections which were secured between 1904 and 1912, therefore, constitute the basic sources of scientific information by an anthropologist on culture changes or acculturation processes among the HokkaidoAinu.