X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)

表面及其结构和化学成分对种植体的生物相容性，特别是种植体-组织相互作用的发展起着重要的作用。借助X射线光电子能谱(XPS)，可以对导电材料以及聚合物等非导电材料进行几个纳米高度范围内的层分析。离子束蚀刻还使深度剖面分析变得容易，并允许调查表面退化、腐蚀以及确定叠层和分析两层之间的扩散效应。因此，不仅可以获得元素的分布，还可以表征用于开发创新植入平台的表面修饰，例如，在用氧等离子体处理材料后，区分和量化羟基和羰基。这与官能团的类型有关，因为官能团的类型决定了药物活性化合物的结合方法和产率，并对生物相容性有直接影响。此外，预期的结果允许建立精确的修饰过程，例如药物分子的负载，以及对表面修饰的稳定性的预测。

Surfaces, their structure and chemical composition, play a major role in implant development with regard to biocompatibility, in particular implant-tissue interaction. By means of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), layer analysis in the height range of few nanometers can be performed on conductive materials, as well as on non-conductive materials such as polymers. Ion beam etching also makes depth profile analysis accessible and allows for the investigation of surface degradation, corrosion as well as determination of laminations and for the analysis of diffusion effects between two layers. Thus it is possible to obtain not only the distribution of elements, but also characterize surface modifications for the development of innovative implant platforms, for example the differentiation and quantification of hydroxyl and carbonyl groups after treatment of a material with oxygen plasma. This is relevant as the types of functional groups determine the method and the yield of the binding of pharmaceutically active compounds, and also have a direct effect on biocompatibility. In addition, the expected results allow for the establishment of precise modification processes, e.g. for the loading of drug molecules, as well as predictions on the stability of surface modifications.