Study of complex systems by the method of position-fixed reaction

生态学中有一个基本问题：我们能确定物种灭绝的原因吗？最近，田中提出了一个不确定性假说：任何人都无法预测生物物种的灭绝，也无法追究灭绝的原因。根据这一理论，不确定性需要两个条件，即间接效应和相变。在这种情况下，我们不能忽视食物网网络的作用；物种的生存和灭绝对网络的精细结构变得敏感（不确定性）。如果不确定性理论是正确的，它将对生物学的各个领域产生巨大的影响。例如，不确定性理论实际上破坏了自然选择的概念。

There is a fundamental problem in ecology : Can we determine the cause of extinction? Recently, Tainaka presented an uncertainty hypothesis : anyone cannot predict an extinction of biological species, nor pursue the cause of extinction.According to this theory, the uncertainty requires two conditions, that is, the indirect effect and phase transition.Under these conditions, we cannot neglect the effect of network of food web ; the survival and extinction of species becomes sensitive to the fine structure of network (uncertainty). If the uncertainty theory is true, it strongly influences on various fields in biology.For example, the uncertainty theory practically destroys the concept of natural selection.