Research on the international legal problems concerning union of states

这一研究项目集中于18世纪下半叶至20世纪初不同政治家的理论中的“国家”、“国家联盟”和“国际社会”的思想。尤其是17世纪70年代至19世纪初，瓦特尔的“南德意志”概念和一些作家的所谓“德国国际法理论”是本研究的主要对象。我通过这项研究表明，瓦特尔的概念与现代主权国家的概念是不同的，因为根据他的理论，即使是受保护的国家、贡献国和附庸国家也有“主权国家”的地位，在19世纪末20世纪初之前，国际法和国内法都没有明确的区分，也没有建立在内外主权根本区别基础上的现代主权国家的概念。I.F.Graswinkel和A.F.Glafey也是本研究的对象。沃尔夫的“Civitas Maxima”概念--有时被视为国际联盟的典范--是建立在这一争议的基础上的，但他的概念的内容完全是原创的。同样重要的是，理解他的概念也很重要，即最大公民身份背后的“国家”理念与现代主权国家大相径庭。

This research project focussed on the idea of "state", "union of states", and "international society" in the theory of various publicists from the late half of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century. Especially the concept of "Etat souverain" of Vattel and the so-called "theory of German international law" of some authors from the 1770s to the beginning of the 19th century were the main target of this research. I made it clear by this research that Vattel's concept is not same with that of modern sovereign state because according to his theory even the protected state, tribute state and vassal state have a position of "sovereign state" and that neither the clear-cut distinction between international law and national law nor the concept of modern sovereign state based on the fundamental difference between internal sovereignty and external sovereignty are found before the very end of the 19th century or the very beginning of the 20th century.The dispute about the idea of "societas gentium" of Hugo Grotius among various scholars, such as J.a Felde, Th. I.F.Graswinkel and A.F.Glafey, was also the object of this research. It was made sufficiently clear that the concept of "civitas maxima" of Ch.Wolff, which is sometimes esteemed as a model of League of Nations, was based upon this dispute, but that the content of his concept was totally original. It is also important in understandig his concept that the idea of "state" behind civitas maxima is widely different from the modern sovereign state.