The politics of campaign. Temporal and spatial configurations of colonial governmentality in the British colonies of eastern Africa, 1919-1960

该项目涉及自第一次世界大战至1960年代殖民统治结束期间在东非英国殖民地开展的旨在改善非洲人公共卫生、教育和生活水平的运动。运动是殖民政治的一种极具侵略性的形式。然而，它们在时间和空间方面受到限制。该项目从假设殖民国家在进入和控制非洲社会方面受到限制开始。殖民地国家缺乏资源，在许多情况下，甚至缺乏意愿来建立对其臣民的更严格控制，并将其政治贯彻到非洲人的日常生活中。随着第一次世界大战的结束，英国在东非的殖民统治由征服型向开发型转变。改善非洲人社会状况的运动是这一转变中的重大事件。该项目认为，运动是一种特殊形式的殖民统治，而不是寻求解决狭义的问题，而不是发起一个更深刻的制度变革的殖民国家和它的政治。在这方面，该项目将运动描述为一个实验室，在这个实验室中，殖民国家尝试了新的生物政治方法。第一次世界大战后，直到1960年代殖民统治结束，英国在该地区的殖民政治运动和长期变化过程之间的关系是该项目的核心问题。运动作为调查的重点，有助于更好地了解往往不一致的殖民地政治，这些政治被困在间接统治的保守主义和现代化的新范式之间的矛盾之中，这些新范式在殖民地圈中越来越受到吸引力。此外，这些运动还揭示了历史学家迄今为止所认为的殖民地政治的一系列参与者。为了开展运动，殖民地政府从帝国其他地区和国际组织招募科学家和专家，并寻求他们的支持。这些外部行为者往往有不同的议程和对殖民政治的理解，可能与殖民国家的议程发生冲突。该项目试图确定知识和概念在参与运动的不同行为者之间传播的方式。其目的是探讨跨国和全球专家文化的出现，可以看到一个的殖民和后殖民发展政策的出现的重大贡献。该项目将运动描述为不同参与者参与和纠缠的共享领域，提供了一种将殖民历史与科学和知识史联系起来的新方法

This project is concerned with campaigns in the British colonies of Eastern Africa since the First World War up to the end of colonial rule in the 1960s which were aimed at the improvement of public health, education and the living standards of Africans. Campaigns were highly invasive forms of colonial politics. They were, however, limited in their temporal and spatial approach. The project starts with the assumption that the colonial state was limited in its access to and control of African societies. The colonial state lacked the resources and, in many cases, even the will to establish tighter control of its subjects and to implement its politics into the everyday lives of Africans. With the end of the First World War, Britain colonial rule in Eastern Africa changed its character from a regime of conquest to a regime of development. Campaigns to improve the social situations of Africans were major events in this transformation. The project considers campaigns as a particular form of colonial governmentality, which rather sought to solve narrowly defined problems than to initiate a more profound institutional change of the colonial state and its politics. In this regard, the project describes campaigns as a laboratory, in which the colonial state experimented with new approaches of biopolitics. The relationships between campaigns and long-term processes of change in British colonial politics in the region after the First World War till the end of colonial rule in the 1960s is a central question of the project. Campaigns as a focus of inquiry help to get a better understanding of the often-inconsistent colonial politics stuck within the contradictions between the conservatism of Indirect Rule and the new paradigms of modernization that increasingly gained attraction in colonial circles. Campaigns, moreover, shed the light onto a set of actors of colonial politics hitherto barley considered by historians. For its campaigns, the colonial state recruited and sought the support of scientists and experts from other parts of the empire and from international organizations. Those external actors had often different agendas and understandings of colonial politics that potentially conflicted with the agenda of the colonial state. The project attempts to establish the ways knowledge and concepts circulated between the different actors who participated in the campaigns. The aim is to explore the emergence of a transnational and global culture of experts that can been seen a s major contribution to the emergence of colonial and post-colonial development policies. Describing campaigns as a shared field of engagements and entanglement of different actors, the project offers a new way to connect colonial history and the history of science and knowledge