Martyrdom and Voluntariness in the European High and Late Middle Ages

这个分项目的主题是殉难作为一种话语以及男女双方的实践，坚持罗马基督教教会的团体和宗教异议反对它的团体。该子项目将分析围绕自愿殉难的话语，它将以两种不同的方式描绘代理：作为殉道者的代理和作为那些话语构建殉难的代理。该分项目将讨论导致自己死亡的自愿自我牺牲，特别是与主体形成过程和性别有关的问题。在这里，方济各会士似乎是子项目及其分析的一个很好的起点。然而，殉难也可能是虚拟的，因为它是一种精神体验，在多米尼加或方济各会起源的文本中传播。第二，将审查被诬蔑为异教徒的人的自愿死亡。在这里，子项目的分析将以清洁派教徒为出发点。妇女的不同政见殉难可以通过观察波希米亚胡斯派来研究。该分项目的一个假设是，中世纪晚期文化只在持不同政见的情况下将妇女视为自愿殉难者。第三，该子项目对与殉难相关的主观化过程及其话语再生产感兴趣。第四，该子项目将有助于对中世纪研究中非自愿性与能动性关系的概念研究，该子项目对中世纪研究的意义在于开辟一个围绕非自愿性话语和实践的新研究领域。此外，基督徒和被视为异教徒的人的殉难将首次被一起分析，他们死亡的非自愿性是一个主要联系。此外，中世纪史研究中的能动性、自我意志和主体形成等问题也将得到进一步的确立。该子项目为研究组贡献了对中世纪盛晚期自愿殉难的话语和实践的分析，并将对宗教背景下的非自愿性和自我牺牲的探索加入了研究组的研究范围。此外，该子项目将从前现代的角度解决一致性，抵抗和非自愿性的问题。与这些分项目的合作将特别产生协同效应，这些分项目也侧重于人们在存在的情况下采取行动或被迫采取行动，该分项目采用了历史话语分析领域发展的方法，并结合了中世纪手稿传播方面的历史方法的重要技术。其语料库的来源包括高和中世纪晚期的historiographical以及hagiographical文本。

The topic of this subproject is martyrdom as a discourse as well as a practice of men and women by both, groups adhering to the Roman Christian church and groups opposing it by religious dissent. The subproject will analyze the discourses revolving around voluntary martyrdom, and it will contour agency in two different ways: as the agency of the martyrs and as the agency of those who discursively constructed martyria. The subproject will address voluntary self-sacrifice leading to one’s own death particularly with regard to questions related to processes of subject-formation and to gender.First, voluntariness will be analyzed with regard to martyria as a practice meant to strengthen Christianity in high and late medieval Europe. Here the Franciscans appear to be a good starting point for the subproject and its analysis. Martyria, however, may also be virtual in the sense of being a spiritual experience discursively disseminated in e.g. texts of Dominican or Franciscan origin. Second, the voluntary deaths of people stigmatized as heretics will be examined. Here, the subproject’s analysis will take the Cathars as its starting point. Women's dissident martyrdom may be investigated by looking at the Bohemian Hussites. One hypothesis of the subproject is that high and late medieval culture addressed women as voluntary martyrs only in the context of dissident faith. Third, the subproject is interested in subjectivation processes related to martyria and their discursive re-production. Fourth, the subproject will contribute to the conceptual study of the relation between voluntariness and agency in Medieval Studies.The subproject's relevance for Medieval Studies is to open up a new research field revolving around discourses and practices of voluntariness. Also, for the first time martyria by Christians and by people seen as heretics will be analyzed together, with the voluntariness of their deaths being a major link. Moreover, the issues of agency, self-will, and subject-formation will be further established in the research on Medieval History.The subproject contributes the analysis of discourses and practices of voluntary martyrdom in the High and Late Middle Ages to the research group, and it adds the exploration of voluntariness and self-sacrifice in religious contexts to the group’s portfolio. Also, the subproject will address the problem of conformity, resistance, and voluntariness from a pre-modern perspective. Synergy effects will be particularly produced by the cooperation with those subprojects, which also focus on people acting or being pushed to act in existential situations.The subproject employs methodology developed in the field of historical discourse analysis, combined with important techniques in historical methodology with regard to the transmission of medieval manuscripts. Its corpus of sources consists of high and late medieval historiographical as well as hagiographical texts.