A Mixed Methods Design for Computational Genre Stylistics and Unstructured Genres. Towards a Functional History of 19th Century German Novellas.

德国的中篇小说，实际上分为两种类型，《Novelle》和《Erzählung》，是一种极具争议的类型。一个学术团体认为，中篇小说是最严格的散文小说形式。该组织声称，必须承认严格定义的“Novelle”和更宽松的“Erzählungen”领域之间存在根本区别。与第一组相反，第二组学术认为›Novelle和›Erzählung不是不同的体裁，而是一个无定形的整体。项目的总体目标是理解和澄清这一矛盾。到目前为止，研究忽略了一个有助于理解这种矛盾的核心方面：关于诗学和阅读实践之间的关系，“Novelle”和“Erzählung”概念的核心是辩证结构。结构是辩证的，因为在《Novellen》的情况下，诗歌概念和阅读体验并不匹配。在19世纪，作家和读者都有这种辩证法的感觉：他们对诗歌话语中的《小说》美学统一性抱有强烈的期望，但同时也承认这些期望在实践中是失望的。Erzählung的概念缺乏这种辩证的结构。该项目将描述和解释这种辩证法，从而对历史体裁的文化结构有更深的理解。我将尝试通过两个任务来实现这一目标：第一个任务是详细阐述一种混合方法设计，允许连接三个维度：类型标签的使用，文本特征，以及媒体和社会背景因素。第二个任务是开发必要的数据建模方法。到目前为止，计算体裁文体学对文本特征的建模主要是基于词袋模型的文档-术语矩阵。然而，这种模型并不适合测试关于德国中篇小说辩证结构的假设，因为词袋模型不能透明地代表结构、内容和诗歌类型特征。因此，必须对被认为与《Novelle》和《Erzählung》的语义相关的类型特征进行建模。基于体裁特征的建模和可操作性，对相关体裁概念辩证结构的实证假设进行了检验。最后，将体裁语义与体裁实践的变迁作为德国中篇小说体裁的概念史进行分析。最后一步是基于监督机器学习的改编，也称为“透视建模”。通过这种方式，该项目将有助于更好地理解在文学史中使用体裁概念的实际规则，它还将提供必要的但尚未可用的方法，用于对松散结构的体裁进行计算、上下文导向和历史分析。

The German novella, which is actually split up into two genres, that of the ›Novelle‹ and that of the ›Erzählung‹, is a highly controversial genre. One academic group believes that the Novelle is the most stringent form of prose fiction. This group claims that there has to be acknowledged a fundamental difference between the strictly defined ›Novelle‹ and the more loose field of the ›Erzählungen‹. In contradiction to the first group, the second academic group believes that ›Novelle‹ and ›Erzählung‹ are not different genres but one amorphous mass. The general goal of the project is to understand and to clarify this contradiction. Up to now, research has overlooked one central aspect that helps to understand this contradiction: There is a dialectical structure at the core of the concepts of ›Novelle‹ and ›Erzählung‹ with regard to the relationship between poetics and reading practice. The structure is dialectical, because the poetological concept and reading experience do not match in the case of ›Novellen‹. In the 19th century, writers and readers had a sense of this dialectics: They had strong expectations regarding the aesthetic uniformity of ›Novellen‹ within poetological discourse, but acknowledged at the same time that these expectations were disappointed in practice. The concept of ›Erzählung‹ lacks this dialectical structure. The project will describe and explain this dialectics and thus yield a deeper understanding of the cultural structure of historical genres. I will try to reach this goal by two tasks:The first task is to elaborate a mixed methods design that allows to connect three dimensions: the use of genre labels, textual features, and medial and social context factors. The second task is to develop the requisite methodology of data modeling. Up to now, computational genre stylistics has been modeling textual features mostly as document-term-matrices based on bag of words models. However, this modeling does not suit for testing hypotheses on the dialectical structure of German novellas, because the bag of words model does not transparently represent structural, content based, and poetological genre features. Therefore, genre features which are presumed to be relevant to the semantics of ›Novelle‹ and ›Erzählung‹ have to be modeled. Based on the modeling and operationalization of genre features, empirical hypotheses on the dialectical structure of the relevant genre concepts are tested. Finally, the change of the genre semantics and practices is worked out as the conceptual history of the German novella genres. This final step is based on an adaption of supervised machine learning, which is also called ›perspectival modeling‹.In this way, the project will help to better understand the actual rules of the use of genre concepts in literary history, and it will also offer the requisite but not yet available methodology of a computational, context oriented, and historical analysis of loosely structured genres.