Gas emission and respiratory losses during feed-out of silage: a comprehensive study using novel in situ smart-sensors and data-model fusion

牲畜饲养和沼气生产消耗大量青贮饲料。然而，青贮饲料的呼吸过程中的气体排放仍然很差的特点。这些信息可直接用于青贮饲料退化的评估和确定其对环境质量的不利影响。在这里，提出了一个基本的和全面的研究，重点关注这两个问题，氧化率/能量损失和温室气体和前体气体的排放，使用两种新型的，自动化的多传感器系统来捕获和分解的信号，从青贮饲料的气体排放。两种常见的青贮饲料管理，玉米青贮饲料和圆捆的黑麦草，苜蓿和玉米的筒仓，将在现场进行评估。还将研究化学和生物添加剂对青贮饲料气体排放的积极或消极影响。数字信号处理将被用来分区CO2分成两个池，一个在青贮饲料中积累在以前的厌氧阶段，一个产生的实时开放后的青贮饲料。前半部分/池是噪声信号，后半部分/池由微生物的有氧呼吸产生，直接反映出饲料的氧化速率/能量损失。使用这些新的数据，我们将更新/扩展常用的皮特-穆克模型来模拟CO2通量从一个掩体筒仓的开放面，并使用数据模型融合的方法来比较和协调现场测量从农场实验的数值结果。

Livestock feeding and biogas production consume large amounts of silage. However, the gas emission of silage respiration during feed-out remains poorly characterized. This information may be directly applicable to assessment of silage degeneration and to determination of its detrimental impacts on environmental quality. Here a fundamental and comprehensive study is proposed focusing on both issues, oxidative rate/energy loss and greenhouse and precursor gas emissions, using two novel, automated multi–sensor systems to capture and decompose the signals of gas emission from silage. Two common types of silage management, bunker silos of maize silage and round bales of ryegrass, alfalfa and maize, will be assessed in situ. The positive or negative effect of chemical and biological additives on gas emission from silage will also be investigated. Digital signal processing will be used to partition CO2 into two pools, one accumulated in the silage during previous anaerobic phases and one produced real-time after opening of the silage. The formal part/pool is a noise signal and the latter part/pool, resulted from the aerobic respiration of microorganism, directly reflects the oxidative rate/energy loss of the feed-out silage. Using these novel data, we will update/extend the commonly used Pitt-Muck model to simulate CO2 flux from the open face of a bunker silo, and use a data-model fusion approach to compare and reconcile the in situ measurements from on-farm experiments with the numerical results.