An Anthropological Study of Socio-Cultural Issues Caused by the Transnational Practice of Assisted Renroductive Technology(ARTs)

本研究的目的有三个方面：1)检查不孕不育治疗的实际（目前）情况。在欧洲、美洲和亚洲（包括日本），由于辅助生殖技术的立法和/或法规不充分，一直在追求国家边界。2)评估辅助生殖技术的跨国实践对基本制度的社会文化影响，如亲子关系、家庭和婚姻，以及概念，如人体和生死。3)制定新的框架或理论，以充分描述和分析新出现的制度和概念。为了实现该项目，联合研究成员在欧洲（瑞典、挪威、丹麦、冰岛、法国、瑞士和意大利）、美国、韩国和日本进行了实地研究。以下是调查结果的摘要：1)已经证实，抗逆转录病毒疗法已经超越了国界。更多的卵子和胚胎被冷冻并跨国转移（“生殖之旅”）。此外，不仅是患者，产科医生/妇科医生、护士和辅助生殖技术协调员也跨越国界学习和实践先进的治疗方法。2)每个艺术发达的国家，除了像日本这样的国家，都有控制艺术实践的立法（法律）或法规。然而，由于目前art实践的数量和质量都超出了预期，没有一个县能够有效地控制这种情况。3)一些群体，如单身女性和同性恋夫妇，通过艺术创造家庭，试图重建我们的基本概念和制度，如亲子关系、家庭、婚姻等。4)每当这些概念和/或制度被重建时，我们面临的是关系的复杂性（或多样性）和流动性，以及一种新的认同感。它们创造了新型的多元流动关系和新的归属感/认同感。5)上述朝着多元流动关系/归属感方向的根本社会文化变化在其他社会文化背景中也得到承认，例如越来越多地接受（或容忍）双重/多重国籍/公民身份。少

The objective of the research is threefold :1) Examination of the actual (current) situation in infertility treatment beyond. national borders, which has been pursued because of inadequate legislation and/or regulations for ARTs (Assisted Reproductive Technologies) in Europe, America and Asia, including Japan.2) Assessment of the socio-cultural implications of transnational practice of ARTs on the fundamental institutions, such as parenthood, family and marriage, and concepts, such as human body and life/death.3) Formulation of a new framework or theory in order to adequately describe and analyze the newly emerging institutions and concepts.In order to materialize the project, the joint-research members have conducted field research in Europe (Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Iceland, France, Switzerland and Italy) , the United States of America, Korea and Japan.The following is the summary of the findings :1) It has been confirmed that ARTs have been practiced beyond national borders. Sperm, … More eggs and embryos are frozen and transferred transnationally ("reproductive tours"). Moreover, not only patients but also obstetricians/ gynecologists, nurses and ARTs coordinators go across the border to study and practice advanced treatments.2) Every ARTs-advanced country, except some countries like Japan, has legislation (laws) or regulations for controlling ARTs practice. However, as the quantity and quality of current ARTs practice is beyond expectation, no county can effectively control the situation.3) Through creating families by using ARTs, some groups, such as single women and gay/lesbian couples have been trying to reconstruct our basic concepts and institutions, such as parent-child relationships, family, marriage, etc.4) Whenever those concepts and/or institutions are being reconstructed, we are faced with complexity (or multiplicity) and fluidity of relationships and a new sense of identity, they create new types of multiple and fluid relationships and a new sense of belonging/identity.5) The above-mentioned fundamental socio-cultural change towards multiple and fluid relationships/sense of belonging is also recognized in other socio-cultural contexts, such as increasing acceptance of (or tolerance for) dual/multiple nationality/citizenship. Less