Effects of microorganisms on increasing biodiversity in plant-, herbivore-and predator community and its preserving

在这个项目中，主要针对以下三个主题进行了一系列的实地和实验室研究。在加里曼丹、爪哇和鹤冈3个试验点，采用地面施用杀菌剂和接种VAM真菌两种试验处理，监测了VAM真菌定殖对田间植物和节肢动物群落生物多样性的影响。结果，处理组的植物和昆虫数量往往比对照组多。此外，在实验室试验中也得到了类似的结果，表明VAM真菌定殖对植物和节肢动物群落的生物多样性有影响。2)通过控制鳞翅目幼虫对VAM真菌的定殖率和植食度，将大豆植株移栽到农田，监测草食昆虫的发生情况和植物物质的浓度，研究VAM真菌的根定植和预植食程度对提高大田植物和节肢动物群落生物多样性的影响。总体而言，蓟马的丰度仅与VAM真菌的根定植呈正相关，即预草食对其没有影响，而预草食对蚜虫的丰度有不利影响。实验室试验也显示出类似的趋势。这些结果表明，VAM真菌的根定植和预草食程度对田间节肢动物群落的丰度有影响。3)鳞翅目幼虫自上而下取食对VAM真菌定植和蚜虫发育的影响。在实验室研究了鳞翅目幼虫取食对VAM真菌定植率和蚜虫生长性能的影响。鳞翅目幼虫的取食对VAM真菌的根定殖率、植物化学物质浓度和蚜虫的发育均有影响，表现出自上而下的影响。这些结果表明，基于土壤微生物对植物和昆虫丰度影响的多向相互作用对生物多样性及其维持具有重要影响。少

In this project, a series of field and laboratory studies were conducted mainly for three subjects given below.1) Effect of VAM fungi colonization on biodiversity in plant and arthropod communities in the fieldIn the three study sites, Kalimantan, Java and Tsuruoka, occurrences of plants and insects were monitored in relation to two experimental treatments, 1) Ground application of fungicide and 2) inoculation with VAM fungi. As a result, both plants and insects tended to be more abundant in the treatments than in controls. In addition, similar results were also obtained in laboratory trials, suggesting that VAM fungi colonization influenced on biodiversity in plant and arthropod communities.2) Effects of root colonization of VAM fungi and degree of pre-herbivory on increasing biodiversity in plant and arthropod communities in the fieldSoybean plants, which were manipulated in percent of VAM fungi colonization and degree of herbivory by larvae of Lepidoptera, were transplanted in an ag … More ricultural field, and then occurrence of herbivore insects and concentration of plant substances were monitored. In general, abundance of thrips was positively related to only root colonization of VAM fungi, I.e. pre-herbivory did not affect this, whereas pre-herbivory adversely affected abundance of aphids. Laboratory trials also showed the similar tendency. These results suggested that root colonization of VAM fungi and degree of pre-herbivory influenced on abundance of arthropod communities in the field.3) Top-down effects of herbivory by Lepidpteran larvae on VAM fungi colonization and development of aphidsEffects of herbivory by larvae of Lepidoptera on percentage of VAM root colonization and performance of aphids were determined in the laboratory. Herbivory by Lepidoptera larvae affected both percentages of root colonization of VAM fungi, concentration of chemical substances of the plant, and development of aphids, showing the top-down effects by the larvae. Those results suggested that multi-tropic interactions based on the effects of soil microorganisms on abundance of plants and insects are important to influence on biodiversity and its maintaining. Less