The neotectonic evolution of the Osning Lineament derived from near-surface reflection seismic data

新构造运动可造成严重危害，并具有科学和社会意义，例如用于地震危险评估，以及利用地下进行核废料处置和地热开采。在德国北部，被认为是无地震的地区，人们对新构造学知之甚少，因为地表印记往往缺失；许多断层隐藏在沉积物之下。为了提高对与新构造活动有关的变形和新构造活动时间的认识，需要对最近活动的断裂带进行调查，如奥斯宁线(OL)。在OL，在过去的400年里发生了三次历史性的地震，1612年的地震破坏了比勒费尔德的建筑。与德国北部的其他断层相比，OL是一个独特的断层系统。OL的断层到达基底，而在下萨克森盆地的北部，大多数断层因盐分而与基底脱钩。此外，OL倾向于东北，因此断层面的矢量指向以前的冰载。此外，OL过去已经被重新激活，这可能会加强进一步的断层运动。为了全面了解OL的新构造，特别是由于露头的可获得性有限，一个重要的步骤是利用尚未在OL进行的近地表地球物理调查。它包括使用高分辨率2D P波和SH波反射地震的组合方法。由于浅层分辨率低，仅靠P波地震往往不能正确地成像断层的近地表印象，但这一差距可以用SH波反射地震来弥合，它提供了非常高的分辨率，即使在浅层也是如此。这将与其他地球物理方法相结合，如探地雷达，以调查次地震尺度上的变形特征，并通过沉积物测年得出断层运动的时间。更准确地说，需要确定关于深层变形特征的额外信息如何补充对冰川与OL先前存在的断层之间相互作用的理解。这还包括评估观测数据从地下调查到地表的可转换性，以及探地雷达是否通过缩小P波地震、S地震和露头尺度之间的成像差距而提供额外的好处。此外，断层几何形状对应力分布和断层重新激活的局部影响需要通过将断层重新激活的时间和已知的区域应力场与冰川事件进行比较来研究，例如，将断层重新激活的时间和已知的区域应力场与冰川事件进行比较。该项目的主要目的是重建OL的新构造演化(主题包括：结构和物理分析，历史和古地震，以及GIA和构造的相互作用)，并评估近地表地球物理如何为新构造研究做出贡献。

Neotectonic movements can cause severe hazards and are scientifically and socially relevant, e.g. for seismic hazard assessment, and utilisation of the subsurface for e.g. nuclear waste disposal sites and geothermal exploitation. In northern Germany, a presumed aseismic region, little is known about neotectonics because surface impressions are often missing; many faults are hidden beneath sediments.To improve the knowledge of the deformation related to and the timing of neotectonic activity, investigations of recently active fault zones, like the Osning Lineament (OL), are required. At the OL three historical earthquakes occurred in the past 400 years and the earthquake in 1612 damaged buildings in Bielefeld. The OL is a unique fault system compared to other faults in northern Germany. The faults of the OL reach the basement, whereas in the north of the Lower Saxony Basin most faults are decoupled from the basement by salt. Furthermore, the OL dips to the northeast and therefore the vector of the fault plane points towards the former iceload. Additionally, the OL had already been reactivated in the past, which might enhance further fault movement.An important step towards a comprehensive understanding of neotectonics at the OL, especially due to the limited availability of outcrops, is by using near-surface geophysical investigations, which have not been carried out at the OL as yet. It consists of a combined approach using high-resolution 2D P- and SH-wave reflection seismics. P-wave seismic alone can often not properly image near-surface impressions of faults due to poor shallow resolution, but this gap can be closed using SH-wave reflection seismics, which offers very high resolution, even at shallow depth. This will be combined with other geophysical methods, such as GPR, to investigate deformation features on sub-seismic scale, and sediment dating to derive the timing of fault movement.To be more precise, it needs to be determined how additional information on deformation features at depth complement the understanding of the interaction between glaciers and the pre-existing faults of the OL. This also includes the evaluation of the transferability of observations from sub-surface investigations to the surface, and if GPR provides additional benefit by closing the imaging gap between P-wave seismic, S-wave seismic, and outcrop scale. Furthermore, the local effect of fault geometry on stress distribution and fault reactivation, especially in the context of GIA needs to be investigated by, e.g. comparing the timing of fault reactivation and the known regional stress field with glacial events.The principal aims of this project are to reconstruct the neotectonic evolution of the OL (topics to covered: structural and physical analysis, historical- and paleo-earthquakes, and interaction of GIA and tectonic), and to evaluate how near-surface geophysics can contribute to neotectonic research.