Balancing the center and the local: mobilization and production strategies of the Inka and early colonial state in Cochabamba, Bolivia

该项目旨在了解被依赖人群的相互依赖/流动/动员，以及印卡邦作为典型的“早期国家”的集中玉米/商品生产，从而从总体上理解该国家。这包括在科恰班巴山谷的一个复杂的嵌套国家和地方机构内作为驱动中心力量的储存和分配生产系统，以及早期殖民国家的过渡过程。因此，该项目将对关于印加人占领科恰班巴之前和期间的定居模式、人口和土地使用以及西班牙征服后印加晚期和早期殖民时期的转变过程的考古和民族历史方法和数据进行跨学科分析。在印卡·瓦依纳·卡帕克（公元1491 - 1527年）的统治下，科科班巴中央山谷经历了巨大的人口变化，来自帝国各地的14000名农民在印加国有土地上工作。反过来，原来的部落被驱逐，并被送往东部山谷。印加人最感兴趣的是肥沃的山谷底部，可以种植玉米，并为进一步的征服提供剩余和主要商品。西班牙征服前后的人口流动、土地保有模式、社会结构和人口群体的文化归属可以在档案资料中追踪，这是迄今为止几乎没有做过的工作。Quillacollo和Colcapirhua的考古建筑群由4000多个粮仓（qollqa）组成，位于罗查河以南山丘的四个不同区域，面积超过200公顷。在庞大的印加帝国中，没有任何其他地方像科恰班巴那样拥有如此巨大的玉米储存能力，这表明中央山谷在帝国的经济、政治和社会组织中作为“地方中心”发挥了非常重要的作用，在西班牙征服之后仍然如此。结合民族历史和考古研究的新的跨学科方法将有助于通过qollqa的功能和具体的动员/依赖等相关过程来调查印加国的机制。这两种方法，即民族历史和考古方法，在帮助建立科恰班巴和西班牙征服后的“晚地平线”的完整图景方面是互补的。此外，我们将调查气候和环境方面的因素，这些因素使该地区的玉米种植规模如此之大。

The project aims to understand the entangled dependency/mobility/mobilization of dependent groups of people and the centralized maize/goods production for the Inka state as an exemplary “early state”, shedding light on the comprehension of that state, generally. This includes the system of storage and distribution of production within a complex of nested state and local institutions in the Cochabamba Valley as the driving central force, as well as the transition processes during the early colonial state. Therefore, the project will conduct an interdisciplinary analysis of archaeological and ethnohistorical methods and data regarding the settlement patterns, population and land use before and during the Inca occupation in Cochabamba and the transformation processes through late Inka and early colonial times after Spanish Conquest. Under the reign of Inka Huayna Capac (1491 – 1527 AD), the Central Valley of Cochabamba experienced massive population changes through the colonization of 14.000 mitimaes from all over the empire to work on the Inca state fields. In turn, the original groups were expulsed and sent to the eastern valleys. The paramount interest of the Inca was the fertile valley bottom for the cultivation of maize and the generation of surplus and staple goods for further conquests. The population movements before and after Spanish Conquest, land tenure patterns, social structuring and culture belonging of population groups can be tracked in archival sources, a work that hardly has been done so far. The archaeological complex of Quillacollo and Colcapirhua consists of more than 4000 granaries (qollqa), located in four different sectors on the hills to the south of Rocha River, an area of more than 200 hectares. In no other part of the vast Inca Empire existed such gigantic capacities for the storage of maize as in Cochabamba, indicating that the Central valley played a highly important role as “local center” in the economic, political and social organization of the Empire and still did after Spanish conquest. The novel interdisciplinary approach of combined ethnohistorical and archaeological studies will help to investigate the mechanisms of the Inca State via the functions of the qollqa and the related processes as mobilization/dependency, specifically. Both methodologies, the ethnohistorical and the archaeological one, are complementary in helping to build a complete picture of the Late Horizon in Cochabamba and after Spanish conquest. Additionally, we will investigate climatic and environmental aspects, which allowed such a magnitude of cultivation of maize in the region.