Comparative study of popular newspapers in France, UK and Japan at the end of 19 century

法国、英国和日本在世纪末经历了大众传媒的发展和信息的民主化。特别是在我们的项目中发现，这些变化在三个民族国家的三次战争中的进展，中法战争（1884-1885），中日战争（1894-95）和布尔战争（1899-1902）。在日本，通过对东京《读卖新闻》和大坂《朝日新闻》的研究，可以清楚地看到，在中法战争中，由电报新闻和社论专栏组成的战争报道的平静令人印象深刻，尽管在甲午战争期间，朝鲜人、中国人和士兵的流行形象通过战争报道以及讲故事、小说和广告传播。在法国，通过对《插图》、《Glaube》、《小栅栏画报》、《Le Rim》、《Gile Blas Illustre》等杂志的战争报道以及韦尔纳姆·洛蒂、莫泊桑、《Tharuad》等作家的战争作品的分析，发现在信息大众化的同时，战争报道与文学作品之间的竞争也引发了文学在通过戏剧题材吸引公众兴趣方面的角色定位问题。在这一背景下，第三共和国作为一个民族国家的政治意识形态和社会文化也随之产生。在英国，通过对《伦敦画报》的分析可以发现，战争报道、广告和通俗文学塑造了理想士兵和理想国家的形象，尽管军队和国家中的异质因素变得明显，但不同种族、军事和民间世界、文明和野蛮之间的既定界限变得不稳定。因此，作为大众传媒的通俗报纸与民族国家的战争有着深刻的关系。因此，民族主义的兴起以及媒介和文学的变化在对民族的宣传方面迅速发展。

France, Britain and Japan experienced the development of mass media and the democratization of information at the end of nineteenth century. Especially it was found out in our project that the progress of those changes in each countries in three wars by three nation-states, the Sino-French War (1884-1885), the Sino-Japanese War (1894-95), and the Boer War (1899-1902). In Japan, by the research of Yomiuri Shimbun published in Tokyo and Osaka Asahi Shimbun published in Osaka, it became clear that calmness of war coverage consisted of telegram news and editorial columns was impressive at the Sino-French War, though popular images of Koreans, Chinese and soldiers were spread through war reporting as well as Kodan story telling, novels, and advertisements during the Sino-Japanese War. In France, by analyzing the war reports in L'llustration, Glaube, Petit Journal Fence Illustree, Le Rim and Gile Blas Illustre, and war works by Vernem Loti, Maupassant and Tharuad, it was found that while information became popularized, the question of what role literature assume was raised in consequent of competition between war coverage and literary works to attract public interest through dramatic subjects. In that background, there was the political ideology and social culture of the Third Republic as a nation-state. In Britain, through analyzing Illustrate London News and Graphic it could be found that war reporting, advertisements and popular literature produced images of the ideal soldier and ideal nation, though some heterogeneous elements became clear in the army and the nation, then the established boundaries between different ethnicity, military and civil worlds, and civilization and barbarism became destabilized. Thus popular newspapers as mass media had a deep relation with the wars by nation-states. Consequently uplift of nationalism and changes in media and literature progressed quickly under the aspect of propaganda toward the nation peoples.