Phylogenetical and Bioarchaeological Studies of the Epi-Jomon Inhabitants in Hokkaido, Japan, with Special Reference to the Human Skeletal Remains Unearthed at the Usu-Moshiri site.

1从头骨和牙齿形态分析的结果来看，北海道的外柔门人被确认为从日本东部的柔门人到最近的北海道爱奴人的系统发育过渡。2外柔门人的四肢骨形态与日本东部的柔门人基本相同，股骨上部的前后扁平是阿伊努人的特征，3.跟骨距下关节面的形态表明，北海道的绳索和绳索居民的生活方式比日本西部的绳索居民更适应狩猎和采集。4在北海道的绳索和绳索居民中观察到极高的N9b单倍群发生率，这种单倍型群的分布模式与现代日本人的截然不同。5根据牙齿大小比例和mtDNA的发现，两具幼年骨骼(3A和3B)来自USU-Moshii遗址的双重埋葬，然而，被认为是兄弟姐妹两对成年夫妇(16A和16B；使用USU-Moshii遗址的人类骨骼遗骸进行的AMS测年证实，这些人生活在从最后一次绳纹结束到Epi-Jomon开始的时期。7稳定同位素(C和N)分析表明，USU-Moshii遗址的居民从海豹和海狮等海洋哺乳动物那里获取了主要的蛋白质资源。

1 Judging from the findings of cranial and dental morphological analyses, the Epi-Jomon inhabitants in Hokkaido were confirmed to have been phylogenetically transitional from the Jomon in eastern Japan to recent Hokkaido Ainu.2 The limb bone morphology of the Epi-Jomon was basically identical to that of the Jomon in eastern Japan and the antero-posterior flatness of the upper part of the femur, characteristic of the Ainu, had already appeared in the Jomon and Epi-Jomon in Hokkaido.3 The configuration of subtalar articular facets of the calcaneus indicated that the Jomon and Epi-Jomon inhabitants in Hokkaido had a lifeway adapted more to hunting and gathering than the Jomon in western Japam.4 Extremely high incidence of N9b haplogroup in mtDNA was observed in the Jomon and Epi-Jomon in Hokkaido and this distribution pattern of haplogroup was quite different from that of modern Japanese in Honshu.5 Based on the findings of tooth size proportion and mtDNA, two juvenile skeletons (3A and 3B) from a double burial at the Usu-Moshiri site were considered to be sibling, however, the kinship of two adult couples (16A and 16B ; 7M and 7F) from other two double burials were not acknowledged6 The AMS dating using the human skeletal remains from the Usu-Moshiri site confirmed that these individuals lived in the periods from the end of Final Jomon to the beginning of Epi-Jomon.7 The analyses of stable isotope (C and N) demonstrated that the inhabitants of the Usu-Moshiri site took major protein resources from sea mammals such as fur seal and sea lion.