Phylogenetical and Bioarchaeological Studies of the Epi-Jomon Inhabitants in Hokkaido, Japan, with Special Reference to the Human Skeletal Remains Unearthed at the Usu-Moshiri site.

从颅骨和牙齿形态学分析的结果来看，北海道的外壁绳纹居民在系统发育上被证实是从日本东部的绳纹人过渡到最近的北海道阿伊努人。2外壁绳纹人的肢骨形态与日本东部的绳纹人基本相同，股骨上部前后平直，这是阿伊努人的特征。与日本西部的绳纹人相比，北海道绳纹人和外绳纹人的生活方式更适应于狩猎和采集。4在北海道绳纹人和外绳纹人的mtDNA中观察到极高的N9b单倍群，这种单倍群的分布模式与现代日本人在本州的分布模式有很大的不同在Usu-Moshiri遗址的双葬中发现的两具幼年骨骼（3A和3B）被认为是兄弟姐妹，然而，另外两具双葬中发现的两对成年夫妇（16A和16B； 7M和7F）的亲属关系不被承认。使用Usu-Moshiri遗址的人类骨骼遗骸进行的AMS年代测定证实，这些个体生活在从最终绳纹结束到外绳纹开始的时期稳定同位素（C和N）分析表明，Usu-Moshiri遗址的居民主要从海海豹和海狮等海洋哺乳动物中获取蛋白质资源。

1 Judging from the findings of cranial and dental morphological analyses, the Epi-Jomon inhabitants in Hokkaido were confirmed to have been phylogenetically transitional from the Jomon in eastern Japan to recent Hokkaido Ainu.2 The limb bone morphology of the Epi-Jomon was basically identical to that of the Jomon in eastern Japan and the antero-posterior flatness of the upper part of the femur, characteristic of the Ainu, had already appeared in the Jomon and Epi-Jomon in Hokkaido.3 The configuration of subtalar articular facets of the calcaneus indicated that the Jomon and Epi-Jomon inhabitants in Hokkaido had a lifeway adapted more to hunting and gathering than the Jomon in western Japam.4 Extremely high incidence of N9b haplogroup in mtDNA was observed in the Jomon and Epi-Jomon in Hokkaido and this distribution pattern of haplogroup was quite different from that of modern Japanese in Honshu.5 Based on the findings of tooth size proportion and mtDNA, two juvenile skeletons (3A and 3B) from a double burial at the Usu-Moshiri site were considered to be sibling, however, the kinship of two adult couples (16A and 16B ; 7M and 7F) from other two double burials were not acknowledged6 The AMS dating using the human skeletal remains from the Usu-Moshiri site confirmed that these individuals lived in the periods from the end of Final Jomon to the beginning of Epi-Jomon.7 The analyses of stable isotope (C and N) demonstrated that the inhabitants of the Usu-Moshiri site took major protein resources from sea mammals such as fur seal and sea lion.