Studies on Forest Commons from the aspects of Communication and Theory of Civic Society

为了实现这一目标，我们主要进行了以下研究工作：1)邀请了三位著名的“公地”学者：一位哲学家；社会学家；一位经济学家，与项目成员进行坦诚的讨论；2)就“公地”概念的定义及其在自然资源管理中的可用性举行5次内部密集讨论会议；3)团体考察考察英国的公共土地和相关的公共和私人组织；4)对每个成员的研究领域进行现场调研。作为该项目的成果，我们于2004年秋季在筑波大学举行的日本森林经济学会下半年大会上推广并管理了一个关于“森林共享”的同期会议。此外，成员们还出版了一本学术书籍，很快还将出版一本。正如项目名称所示，研究的焦点是社群主义与“公民社会”理论之间的某种和解。换句话说，我们试图将传统的学术知识和对Iriai公共森林的认识（这是世界上众所周知的“紧密”公地类型）与我们日益关注的最近流行的保护和管理人造或半自然林地的公民运动结合起来。我们也可以使用“全球”公地或“网络”公地来扩展公地的定义范围。主要的争议点是：1)公地应该是生产性的吗？;2)公共资源应该是地方性的还是区域性的？;3)公地与治理的关系是什么？因此，我们还没有成功地直接解决这些问题，也没有成功地将传统的公地与新兴的公地联系起来。最好的情况是，我们可以说“公地”一词的用法非常多样，如何定义它取决于用户。在去年秋天的JFES会议上，我们将会议的副标题定为“使用公地概念作为理解的工具”，我们可以得出结论，公地所有权和自然资源管理的理念对于建立地方环境治理至关重要。少

In order to approach the goal, we practiced mainly the following research works : 1)inviting totally three prominent scholars on "Commons" : a philosopher ; a sociologist ; and an economist, to have frank discussion with the project members ; 2)having five internal intensive discussion meetings on definition of "Commons" concept and its availability for natural resource management ; 3)group research tour visiting common lands and related public and private organizations in England ; 4)on-site survey in each member's research field.As outputs of the project, we promoted and managed a concurrent session on "Forest Commons" at the second half general meeting of the Japanese Forest Economics Society held at University of Tsukuba in the fall of 2004. Moreover an academic book was published and one more will be published soon by the members.As the title of the project shows, focal point of the study was some kind of reconciliation between Communitarism and theory of "civic society". In other … More words, we tried to combine our traditional academic knowledge and recognition on Iriai communal forest which is the well-known type of "tight" commons in the world with our increasing concerns with recent prevailing civic movement protecting and managing man-made or semi-natural woodlots. We might also concern with expanding sphere of definition of commons using the word like "global" commons or "cyber" commons. Major disputed points were those : 1)should commons be productive? ; 2)should commons be local or regional? ; 3)what is the relationship between commons and governance?In consequence, we have not succeeded to directly solve the questions and to connect the traditional commons and the newly emerging commons yet. Preferably, we can say that the term "commons" is used quite variously and how to define it depends on users. As we sub-titled the session at the last fall's JFES conference "Using Commons concept as a tool for understanding", we can conclude that the idea of commons on ownership and natural resource management is very crucial for establishment of local environmental governance. Less