A Study of the Possibilities of Cooperatives in Sustainable Social Development -Case Studies of Cooperatives in the Province of Bohol, the Republic of the Philippines

本研究项目旨在通过在菲律宾保和省开展的个案研究，阐明合作社在农村发展中的作用及其失败的原因。案例研究基于两种不同方法的结合：定量管理研究和定性广泛的民族志研究。这个为期三年的项目揭示了以下几点。-大多数博霍拉诺农村合作社侧重于信贷活动。但由于资金不足，这些机构大多面临解散或停摆。在现实中，合作社信贷活动的作用是将政府的资金转移给当地人民（成员和工作人员），但人们将合作社资源视为开放获取的资源，将贷款花光而不偿还。——人们的行为不是来自道德的缺失，而是形成合作社经营战略与人们的家庭战略之间缺乏经济联系。他们的行为模式尤其源于他们自身的财产关系和社会结构，这是马来人特有的，在其长达几个世纪的历史中，这些人并没有把钱投入到生产中，而是花在日常生活中。在这种情况下，基于西方理想的合作运动并不总是有效地达到减轻贫困的目的。在东南亚的社会性质方面，我们需要一个合作制度。在这方面，一个合适的系统的关键是他们的资源控制系统。

This research project aims to clarify the role of cooperatives in rural development, and the reason for their failure, through case studies realized in the Province of Bohol, the Philippines. Case studies are based on the combination of two different approaches : quantitative managerial research and qualitative extensive ethnographic research. The three-year project revealed following points.-Most of Boholano rural cooperatives focus on the credit activities. But most of them are facing to dissolution or to be inactive because of the lack of funding.-In reality, cooperative credit activities have a role to by-pass the governmental money to local people (members and staffs), but the people, regarding the cooperative resources as open-access resources, spend out the loan without paying back.-The people's behavior does not come from the lack of morality, but form lack of economic linkage between cooperative management strategy and people's household strategy. Their behavior pattern has its origin especially in their own property relatbns and social structure that are characteristic among the Malay people, with its history of even several centuries Historically, these people have not invested their money in the production, but spend it for their daily needs.-In this situation, cooperative movement based on the Western ideal is not always efficient for the purpose of poverty alleviation. We need a cooperative system with regard to the social nature of Southeastern Asia. In this respect, a key for an appropriate system is their resource control system.