An Anthropological and Historical Study on the Production and Consumption of Mayan Images.

本研究项目旨在探索玛雅人及其文化的“生产”和“消费”图像的方式和模式，从16世纪被西班牙人征服至今。在使用“生产”和“消费”这两个术语时，我们打算包括各种形式的剥削和消费，如征服、殖民统治、传教、教育、旅游、学术研究等。在分析历史编年史、旅行日记、学术研究、口述故事等中使用的关于玛雅人的话语时，我们的调查主要集中在社会文化背景和社会共享的种族偏见上，这可能有助于将这些关于玛雅人的论述正式化。同时，我们也关注了“玛雅人”自身对这些外部“形象”干预的回应方式，以保持他们使用自己“形象”的社会文化自主性。在讨论玛雅人和他们的……更多文化时，研究人员未能以批判的方式阅读殖民文献，因为作者的种族中心主义可能已经被纳入其中。所以历史学家初谷钟二试图将种族刻板印象相对化关于玛雅人反抗殖民政权的反抗，尤其是18世纪的卡内克人的反抗。另一方面，历史学家Tsubasa Okoshi试图揭示玛雅人和西班牙宗教和行政官员制作殖民文件的初衷及其后来的解释。人类学家吉田茂人（Shigeto Yoshida）分析了墨西哥初级卫生保健项目及其对传统治疗师做法的影响。人类学家樱井美子（Mieko Sakurai）研究了危地马拉的玛雅文化复兴主义，在这种文化复兴主义中，玛雅人的图像被他者消费，并由玛雅人自己生产。以同样的方式，人类学家Shigeki Shakuya考察了墨西哥金塔纳罗奥州北部沿海地区一些考古公园的变化情况，以揭示玛雅图像在旅游业中的用途。与此同时，人类学家Motoi Suzuki以墨西哥尤卡坦州一个农村社区的玛雅文学研讨会为研究对象，描述了研讨会组织者与玛雅图像的四个主要消费者（即负责土著文化的国家机构、游客、学术学者和同一社区的玛雅研究员）之间持续互动的玛雅图像形成过程。少

This research project was aimed at exploring the ways and the modes of "producing" and "consuming" images on Mayan people and their cultures, initiating from the Conquest by the Spaniards in the 16th century until now. In using the terms "producing" and "consuming", we intended to include various forms of exploitation and consumption such as conquest, colonial domination, evangelization, education, tourism, academic research, etc.In analyzing the discources on the Maya used in the historical chronicles, travel diaries, academic researches, oral hitstories, etc., we have mainly focused our investigation on the sociocultural contexts and the socially shared ethnic biases which might have helped to formalize those discources on the Maya. And we have also paid attention to the modes by which the "Mayan" people themselves have responded to those external "image" intervention so as to maintain their socio-cultural autonomy in using their own "images".On discussing the Mayan people and their … More cultures, the researchers have failed to read in a critical mode the colonial documents into which the authors' ethnocentrism might have been slipped. So the historian Joji Hatsutani has tried to relativize the ethnically stereotyped discources on the Mayan rebellion againt the colonial regime, treating particularly on the Canek rebellion in the 18 century. On the other hand, the historian Tsubasa Okoshi has tried to reveal the original intentions on producing colonial documents and their later interpretations made by the Mayan and the Spanish religious and administrative officers.The anthropologist Shigeto Yoshida analyzed the Mexican Primary Health Care programs and its effects on the practices of tradional healers. The anthropologist Mieko Sakurai treated the Guatemalan Mayan cultural revivalism, in which images on the Mayan are consumed by the Other and produced by the Mayan themselves. And in a same way, the anthropologist Shigeki Shakuya examined the changing situations of some archaeological parks in the northern coastal area of the State of Quintana Roo in Mexico, in order to reveal the uses of Mayan images in the tourism. Meanwhile, the anthropologist Motoi Suzuki, focusing on a Maya literature workshop in a rural community in the State of Yucatan, Mexico, described a process of Mayan images formation in the continual interaction between the workshop organizer and the four major consumers of Mayan images, i. e. state institutions in charge of indigenous culture, tourists, academic scholars, and the Maya fellows in the same community. Less