Investigation on the Present Status of Wastewater Treatment Systems in China

在前些年对污泥管理系统进行研究的基础上，又对两个方面进行了研究：1)处理后污水的回用；2)公厕系统。这两种情况都是针对中国的情况。由于降雨量小，污水回用技术有了很大的发展，特别是在膜技术方面。废水回用的成本可以很低。然而，中国的给排水一体化管理还处于起步阶段，这导致了水管区的帝王制度发展不完善。开发这样的系统是必要的。在公厕系统方面，北京市推进了公厕改造，调查了公厕现状，对北京市主要城市污水处理厂的卫生微生物行为进行了调查。在中国，污水处理厂从未被认为是水源性疾病的最终控制点。为了测试…为了更好地控制人类排泄物中与健康相关的微生物，如肠道微生物和诺沃克病毒，已经监测了废水中选定病原体的季节变化。研究发现，诺如病毒的季节变化与日本不同，这意味着除了污水处理厂的控制外，还应改善中国人的进食行为。通过总结三年的研究成果，总结了在污泥管理、处理后的废水回用、与健康相关的微生物控制以及公厕系统管理方面存在的问题。文中还讨论了今后的应对措施。总而言之，中国提出了以下3点作为污水系统发展的关键问题：1)建立适合中国国情的污泥管理系统，特别是针对污泥的农业利用；2)水和废水管理的一体化；3)持续监测污水系统中与健康相关的微生物的行为。较少

Following previous years' investigation on sludge management system, two more aspects were investigated : 1)reuse of treated wastewater and 2)public toilet system. Both of them are specific to Chinese situations. Reflecting small rainfall, technology development for wastewater reuse has been made significantly, especially in membrane technology. The cost for wastewater reuse can be low. However, integrated water and wastewater management is still in a preliminary stage in China, which leads to incomplete regal system development in the water management area. It is needed to develop such systems. As for the public toilet system, renovation of toilet has been promoted in Beijing and present status of public toilet was surveyed.Investigation of the behavior of health-related microorganisms was carried out in major municipal wastewater treatment plants in Beijing. Wastewater treatment plants have never been recognized as the final control point for water borne diseases in China. In order t … More o construct a strategy for better control of health-related microorganism in the human wastes like enteric microorganisms and norovirus, seasonal changes of selected pathogens have been monitored in the wastewater. It was found that seasonal changes of norovirus is different from that of Japan, implying that, in addition to control at the wastewater treatment plants, eating behaviour of Chinese people should be improved.By compiling the three years' research results, existing problems in sludge management, reuse of treated wastewater, control of health-related microorganisms, and management of public toilet system have been summarized. Future measures are also discussed. In conclusion, the following 3 points are proposed as key issues in the sewarage system development in China : 1)to develop sludge management system specific to Chinese situations, especially targeting agricultural use of sludge, 2)to integrate water and wastewater management, and 3)to continuously monitor the behavior of health-related microorganisms in the wastewater systems. Less