"Old fans" and "new fans"? - Fan cultures in West European football of the long 1960s: a transnational comparison of structures and trends in West Germany, France and Italy

很长一段时间，足球迷遇到了很大程度上是负面的科学兴趣，只是进入当代历史考虑的焦点相对较晚。此外，这一专题主要是根据民族国家标准处理的，而在大多数情况下，比较和/或转让历史的方面充其量只是略加提及。到目前为止，1960年代漫长的变革动力也几乎没有发挥作用。这就是该项目开始的地方，通过不断理解和研究1955年至1975年之间新兴的粉丝文化作为流行文化的跨国现象。起点是20世纪50年代开始于意大利的发展，那里的足球俱乐部支持者群体首先培养了一种特定的亚文化外观，并在漫长的20世纪60年代传播到法国南部和德国西部。跨国研究方法使我们有可能对组织化程度提高的创新性及其原因提出批判性的质疑，并将其与这些年来深刻的社会文化变化相对照。例如，应当评估球迷俱乐部的成立在多大程度上主要是俱乐部支持者之间距离较远的一种有组织的归属感的表示，或者是出于政治目的还是为了进行深刻的变革，例如，鉴于日益增长的个性化趋势，对情感庇护的需求日益增加。这就是为什么该项目的目的是分析球迷文化不仅是公众感知的大众现象，而且在具体案例研究的基础上，从微观历史的角度。跨国视角有望对相似性，差异性和跨境发展提供各种见解，特别是在20世纪60年代职业足球日益欧洲化的背景下。

For a long time, football fandom met with a largely negative scientific interest and only came into the focus of contemporary historical considerations relatively late. In addition, the topic was primarily approached under nation-state criteria, while aspects of comparative and / or transfer history were at best mentioned marginally in most cases. The dynamics of change of the long 1960s have also hardly played a role so far. This is where the project starts, by consistently understanding und examining the emerging fan culture of the years between 1955 and 1975 as a transnational phenomenon of popular culture. The starting point is the development that began in Italy in the 1950s, where groups of football club supporters first cultivated a specific subcultural appearance that spread to southern France and western Germany in the course of the long 1960s. The transnational approach makes it possible to critically question the innovative character of the increased degree of organization and its causes, and to confront it with the profound socio-cultural changes of those years. For example, the extent to which the founding of fan clubs was primarily an indication of an organized sense of belonging over a greater distance between the club supporters, or whether it was motivated by political goals or a processing of profound changes, such as a growing need for emotional shelter in the light of rising trends of individualization, should be assessed. That is why the project aims to analyze fan cultures not only as publicly perceived mass phenomenon, but also in a micro-historical perspective on the basis of specific case studies. The transnational perspective promises a variety of insights into similarities, differences and cross-border developments, especially against the background of an increasing Europeanization of professional football in the long 1960s.