Establishment of standard experimental strains through pure-line selection in major weeds in Japan

为制定日本主要杂草标准实验菌株选育原则奠定科学基础，采集了不同地区的1267份禾本科牧草种质标本。用DNA多态分析方法进行了套袋近交和种子散装保存。对已培育的材料和已培育的菌株进行了生理生态评价。计划安排了从种子收集、育种和代表性菌株的选择到已建立的菌株的种子生产的所有过程。对所有过程的实践进行了彻底的评估。将分子遗传技术应用于实验菌株的物种鉴定和标记，并作为模式分类单元。利用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片断长度多态性技术建立了两个品种的分子鉴别方法。利用一次加入Echinochba建立了8个mJcro卫星。自从…的四个人杂草中Em具有更多的多态，通过对近交系的评价来检验它们的适用性。结果筛选出44份自交系第3代自交系作为标准试验菌株的母株，并通过微卫星变异验证了它们的同源性和唯一性。对已建立的几种农用杂草(Rumex obtsusifolius、Rorripa islandica)、水稻(Echinochloa crus-galii和E.otyzicola)、亚热带杂草(马唐、藜芦、早熟禾、雀麦)和水生杂草(凤眼莲)的开花习性、早熟性、制种能力和耐化学性的遗传变异进行了研究。总体上，菌株间的生理生态变异较大，但RAPD变异较小，AFLP多样性表现出地理梯度。特别是，日本棘豆种群没有表现出对除草剂的抗药性。根据国际会议的通知，包括标准菌株在内的选定菌株将根据要求免费提供给学术科学研究。较少

For establishing the scientific foundation to principles on breeding the standard experimental strains in Japanese major weeds, 1267 accessions of gramineus species from different local area were collected with voucher herbarium specimens. Inbreeding by panicle-bagging and bulk maintaining of seeds were conducted with DNA polymorphism evaluation. Bred accessions and previously bred strains were performed in physio-ecological evaluation. Programs were scheduled all the processes from seed collection through breeding and selection of representative strains to seed production of established strain. Practices of all the process were thoroughly evaluated. In Echinochloa weed, as a model taxon, molecular genetic skills were applied for species identification and tagging of experimental strains. Molecular discrimination practice was established by the PCR-RFLP in Echinochloa crus-gslli and E. otyzicola. Eight mJcrosatellites were established using one accession of Echinochba. Since four of th … More em were polymorphic in Echinochloa weeds, their applicability was tested by evaluation of inbred strains. As a result 44 accessions of third inbred generation were selected as mother strains of standard experimental strains of which identities and uniqueness were proved by microsatellite variations. Flowering habit, precocity, seed production ability and genetic variation for chemical tolerance were evaluated in established strains in several species of arable (Rumex obtsusifolius, Rorripa islandica), paddy (Echinochloa crus-galii and E. otyzicola), subtropical (Digitaria, Echinochloa, Poa, Paspalum) and aquatic (Eichhornia crassipes) weeds. In general ecophysiological teaits were much variable among strains, but RAPD variation was narrow and AFLP diversity showed geographical gradient. In particular Japanese populations of Echinochloa showed no herbicide-tolerance. The selected strains including standard strains will be provided freely for academic scientific research upon request as informed at an international conference. Less