New perspectives on post-colonial theory:On History and Knowledge in Brazilian Literary Studies

在这个比较的文化史研究项目中，将从跨学科的角度考察20世纪和21世纪巴西后殖民语境下文学理论的形成过程。其目的是尝试一种新的视角来看待以前被后殖民研究方法主导的语境，特别是通过首次解读安东尼奥·坎迪多(1918-2017)和罗伯托·施瓦茨(维也纳，1938年)的作品，他们在德语世界的零散接受代表着关于巴西的研究的一个显著差距。非殖民化不是一个全球统一的过程，而是以复杂的历史背景为标志，只有始终如一的历史学方法才能充分阐述这一点。坎迪多和施瓦茨开发了一种批判性的方法，可以用一种在德语环境中还不够普遍的方式来解释巴西文学的生产、流通和接受的条件。借鉴了德语的语言学传统(Curtius，奥尔巴赫)和批评理论(Benjamin，Szondi，Adorno)，这两位主人公在巴西的背景下取得了丰硕的成果。从这个意义上说，他们与20世纪60年代以来占主导地位的范式保持了距离，即通过法国理论或英语国家的后殖民研究来看待文学。坎迪多和施瓦茨的理论和实践的目的是发展一种文学方法，反对文学是“巴西主义”的审美表达的观点，这种身份本应一直存在，但被殖民者压制。相反，坎迪多和施瓦茨认为文学是一种知识形式，允许从全面的方面认识现实。为了阐明文学、历史和社会之间的这种联系，对文学形式的研究应该被理解为一个中介实例。本项目以食人学范畴为例，考察了“巴西主义”的争论。根据奥斯瓦尔德·德·安德拉德的《Antropófago宣言》(1928)，嗜人的比喻作为所谓“巴西主义”的中心范式传播开来。20世纪60年代和70年代，在法国理论的影响下，它获得了进一步的意义并引起了国际上的关注。后来，后殖民时期的研究将吞噬人类与“杂交性”等范畴等同起来。然而，在巴西，对嗜人概念的尖锐批评以及由此引发的辩论在国外几乎没有引起注意。这个项目将从一开始就详细地重建这场辩论，使用星座研究的方法，以明确例如Mário de Andrade的作用和他的反民族主义批评。

In this comparative cultural-historical research project, the process of literary theory formation in the Brazilian post-colonial context in the 20th and 21st centuries will be examined from an interdisciplinary perspective. The aim is to attempt a new perspective on the context previously dominated by approaches of post-colonial studies, in particular by means of a first-time interpretation of the works of Antonio Candido (1918-2017) and Roberto Schwarz (Vienna, 1938), whose fragmentary reception in the German-speaking world represents a striking gap in the research about Brazil. Decolonisation was not a uniform worldwide process, but was marked by complex historical contexts, which only a consistently historiographical approach can adequately elaborate. Candido and Schwarz have developed a critical method that allows the conditions of production, circulation and reception of Brazilian literature to be explained in a way that is not yet sufficiently widespread in the German-speaking context. Drawing on the German-language philological tradition (Curtius, Auerbach) and critical theory (Benjamin, Szondi, Adorno), the two protagonists have made this productive in the Brazilian context. In this sense, they distance themselves from the paradigm, dominant since the 1960s, of viewing literature through the lenses of either French theory or Anglophone post-colonial studies. The aim of Candido and Schwarz’s theory and practice is to develop a literary approach that opposes the view that literature is an aesthetic expression of “Brazilianism”, an identity that was supposedly always there but was suppressed by the colonizers. Instead, Candido and Schwarz consider literature to be a form of knowledge that allows the recognition of reality in its comprehensive aspects. In order to shed light on this connection between literature, history and society, the study of literary form is to be understood as a mediated instance. This project examines the debate of “Brazilianism” by using the category of anthropophagy as an instance. According to Oswald de Andrade’s Manifesto Antropófago (1928), the metaphor of anthropophagy was spread as the central paradigm of a supposed “Brazilianism”. From the 1960s and 1970s it gained further significance and attracted international attention under the influence of the French Theory. Anthropophagy was then appropriated by post-colonial studies and equated with categories such as “hybridity”. However, the sharp criticism of the concept of anthropophagy and the resulting debates in Brazil have hardly been noticed outside the country. This project will reconstruct this debate in detail since its beginning, using the method of constellation research, in order to make clear, for example, the role of Mário de Andrade and his anti-nationalist criticism.