Anthropological Studies of Local Knowledge and Politics about Ecology in Mountain, Forest and Steppe Areas in Asia

在2000年至2002年期间，我们在蒙古，喜马拉雅山脉（尼泊尔和不丹）和中亚（乌兹别克斯坦和哈萨克斯坦）学习。社会主义经济向市场经济的过渡，使蒙古族社会发生了巨大的变化，对生态环境产生了影响。本文通过对蒙古族社会的人类学、经济学、生态学（包括气象学、草原学）等方面的研究，从不同的角度阐明了这一点。研究领域是乌兰巴托，Tuv（中央），Dondgobi，Huvsgul，Khobd，Bayanulgal等。乌兰巴托等城市的消费经济迅速发展，家畜私有化使游牧社会发生了巨大变化，不仅是蒙古族的主体，也包括蒙古西部的哈萨克族和蒙古北方的图瓦族（驯鹿牧民）。在尼泊尔，我们调查了喜马拉雅山索卢地区的森林利用和新的森林权属和管理政策的影响，以及加德满都山谷传统的生态保护利用体系及其变化。在不丹考察了自然环境，特别是冰川及其变化;在乌兹别克斯坦和哈萨克斯坦考察了1991年独立后向市场经济过渡的社会变迁，以及哈萨克斯坦独立后，为了增加哈萨克族人口，出于鼓励哈萨克族移民国外的政治目的，从蒙古国迁移到哈萨克斯坦的哈萨克族移民的实际情况。

During 2000 till 2002, we studied in Mongolia, the Himalayas (Nepal and Bhutan) and Central Asia (Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan). Mongolian society is changing drastically, which is influencing to ecology, because of the transition from socialist economy to market economy, and we made it clear in different aspects, through the studies of anthropology, economy, ecology (including meteorology and science of grassland). The fields of study are Ulaanbaatar, Tuv(Central), Dondgobi, Huvsgul, Khobd, Bayanulgii, etc.. In cities as Ulaanbaatar consuming economy is developing fast, and the privatization of domentic animals made great change in nomadic society, not only of the majority Mongolians, but also of the minorities as Kazakh in Western Mongolia and Tuva (reindeer herders) in Northern Mongolia. Also the great damage of natural disasters as heavy snow is influenced by the social change.In Nepal, We investigated the utilization of forest in Solu Region of the Himalayas and the influence of new politics of tenure and management of forest, and also the traditional system of utilization conservation of ecology and its change in Kathmandu Valley. And in Bhutan we studies the natural environment specially glacier and its changeIn Uzbekistan and Kazakhstan, we investigated the social change in the transition to the market economy after the independence of 1991, and the actual stuation of immigrant Kazakh people who migrated from Mongolia to Kazakhstan because of the politics of promotion of Kazakh immigration of abroad so as to increase Kazakh population after the independence of Kazakhstan.