Comparative Historical Study on Formation and Development of Religious Tolerance and Intolerance in Europe

本研究虽然以考察近代欧洲宗教宽容与不容忍的形成与发展为主要目的，但也试图通过将伊斯兰世界的专家与欧洲中世纪的专家混为一谈，从比较的角度审视这一问题。在每年两次的研究小组中，我们就每个研究任务人员对本研究主题进行的调查结果进行了争论，结果达成了以下共识。如果按照国家的角色对近代欧洲宗教改革所造成的宗教宽容进行分类，可以发现宗教宽容的额度有三种，一种是以忏悔为依据的宗教宽容额度，另一种是成文法上的不同忏悔共存的宗教宽容额度，以及未经法律确立的实质宽容。然而，宽容的坚实基础在于日常层面的共存和相互理解，以及使之成为可能的社会意识改革或社会文化变革。在宗教宽容的历史研究中，不仅需要国家对这一问题的协调，而且需要社会层面的宽容实践和支持它的人的内在基础放入一把分析的手术刀，并要求两者作为一个整体来讨论。因此，如果我们认为宗教宽容是一个历史问题。我们不仅可以将这些结果应用于世界历史，包括近代的欧洲，也可以应用于伊斯兰世界和亚洲，甚至可以应用于尚未认识现代宽容精神的古代和中世纪的历史世界，通过历史地探索解决方案，这也有助于理解宗教不容忍刚刚蔓延的现代社会。

By this research, though it set it as the main purpose to consider the formation and development of religious tolerance and intolerance in Europe of modern times, we tried to examine this problem also from the comparative point of view by mixing the specialist of the Islamic world and the Europe medieval times. In two times of the study groups per year, we argued over the result of the investigation which each research assignment person performed about this research theme, and the following common understanding was able to be reached as the result. If we classifies the religious tolerance of modern Europe caused by the Reformation according to roles of the state, there can be found three types of religious tolerance quota according to confession, coexistence of the different confession by the statute, and substantial tolerance without legal establishment. However, the strong foundation of tolerance is in coexistence at an everyday dimension, and mutual understanding, and is in a social consciousness reform or the social cultural change which makes it possible. In historical research of religious tolerance, it is also important not only for correspondence by the state to this problem, but the practice of the tolerance in a social dimension and the internal basis of people supporting it to put in an analytic scalpel, and it is requested that both should be discussed as the whole. If we think, thus, the religious tolerance as a historical problem. we can apply the results to the world history not only including Europe of modern times, but the Islamic world and Asia, and even to the historical world of ancient and medieval times which do not yet know the spirit of modern tolerance, and it is useful also to an understanding of modern society where religious intolerance just spreads by exploring the solution historically.