Research of the popular and practical mathematics in the eighteenth-century Britain

从17世纪到19世纪，英国大约有两三万名数学爱好者。他们被称为菲罗马。法国、德国或其他欧洲国家没有这样的人。数学在当时的英国如此流行是有原因的。在伦敦出现了新的印刷机之后，出版了许多数学书籍或杂志，在英国各地都有许多关于数学的巡回演讲。现代航海、测量和工业都需要实用数学。数学作为一种娱乐在女性中流行起来。有一个数学的社会网络，一种公共领域，通过一本杂志，《女士日记》，在英国。菲洛马斯的数学不是先进的牛顿式的，而是实用的。他们制造了各种各样的数学仪器：英国的便宜，而法国的豪华和装饰。

Thee were about twenty or thirty thousands of mathematical lovers from the seventeenth to the nineteenth-century Britain. They are called Philomath. France, Germany, or the other European countries had not such people. There are some reasons why mathematics was so popular in Britain in that time. After the advent of new printing press in London, many mathematical books or magazines were published, and there were many itinerary lecturers on mathematics anywhere in Britain. The contemporary navigation, mensuration and industry socially needed practical mathematics. Mathematics became popular among women as a recreation. There was a social network of mathematics, a kind of public-sphere, through a magazine, the Ladies Diary, in Britain. Mathematics of Philomath was not advanced Newtonian, but practical. They produced various mathematical instruments : English ones are inexpensive, while French are luxury and decorated.