Kings of the Ur III Dynasty and Cities under their Rule

在公元前第三个千年的末期，乌尔的第三个王朝建立了一个理想的绝对主权和神圣的王权。但实际上，乌尔第三朝的政治体制并不是中央集权的官僚组织。每个城市都由自己的组织独立管理。由他们的土著统治者（ensi_2）领导。这是我之前研究的结论。在本研究中，我考察了乌玛的行政文本，以研究乌尔三世国王在宗教领域的王室威望。这项研究的结果支持了我之前的研究。1)乌尔三世国王的庙宇都建在乌玛（Umma），除了王朝的创始人乌尔纳姆（Ur- nammu）。然而，安置在乌玛神庙中的神王并不是作为乌尔三世王朝强制主权的象征而受到崇拜，而是作为守护神（Ilama）来保护。和平与秩序，并确保生育。乌尔三世国王定期向乌玛的主神Shara献祭，但他们从不向乌玛的其他神献祭。乌玛神的祭祀和节日是由当地的人类以他们的传统方式进行的。乌尔三世国王无法改变乌玛宗教仪式的规定，以符合国家节日的结构。

At the end of the third millennium B.C., the third dynasty of Ur had established as an ideal an absolute sovereignty and a divine kingship. However, in actuality the political system of the third dynasty of Ur was not acentralized bureaucratic organization. Each city was administrated independently by their own organizations,. lead by their native rulers (ensi_2). This is the conclusion of my previous studies.In the present research, I examined administrative texts of Umma in order to study the royal prestige of Ur III kings in the religious sphere. The result of this research supports my previous studies.1)The temples of the Ur III kings were built in Umma, with the exception of Ur-Nammu, the founder of the dynasty. However, the divine kings housed in their temples in Umma were not worshiped as symbols of coercive sovereignty of the Ur III dynasty, but rather they were worshiped as tutelary gods (Ilama) to protect. the peace and order, and to ensure fertility.2)Ur III kings sacrificed regularly to the god Shara, the chief god of Umma, but they never made sacrifices to any other gods in Umma. Sacrifices and festivals for the gods of Umma were carried out by native Ummanians in their traditional manner. The Ur III kings were not able to alter the regulation of the Umma religious ceremony to conform to the structure of the state festivals.