Research on the Changes in Work and Social Structure and the Japanese Social Protection System, with Special Attention to Female Labor and Family

社会保障制度在进行分配时，例如通过公共养老和就业保险制度，或者在向家庭收取社会保险费和税收时，都呈现出隐性的家庭模式。该项目研究了家庭或个人如何根据工作历史，无论是正式员工还是非标准员工，以及根据家族史，无论是已婚还是无子女等，受到不同的对待。为此，利用日本政府统计局调查的全国消费和资产调查，计算了总人口的实际养老金收入以及税收和社会保障负担。结果表明，该制度隐含地假设了全职或低收入家庭主妇和男性核心收入者，阻碍了已婚女性超过一定收入点的工作。公共养老金收据还显示，大多数女性养老金收据是关于基本养老金，但不是更多，在某些情况下也是…为了将日本的情况与其他国家的情况进行比较，2002年国际社会调查计划(ISSP)的性别角色II旨在了解不同国家的平均夫妻角色差异。我们比较了不同国家在家庭是单收入家庭还是分享收入家庭时，夫妻的幸福感是否存在差异。有趣的是，在许多欧洲国家，当夫妻之间的收入份额大致相同时，夫妻更幸福，在日本，夫妻收入份额占主导地位时，夫妻更幸福。然后，比较了日本、韩国和中国等东亚经济体内部女性劳动力供给和家庭事件，看看女性间歇性工作行为和对全职家庭主妇的青睐是否是一种“东亚文化”。还研究了消费税高于所得税用于基本养老金的分配效应。以及对女性劳动力供应和可能通过选择全职工作、非标准工作和不工作来领取公共养老金的模拟。较少

Social Protection System assumes implicit family model when it makes its allocation such as through public pension and employment insurance system or when it takes social security premium and taxes from households. The project makes researches on how family or individual is treated differently according to one's work history, either regular employee or non-standard employee, and according to family history, whether married, childless and so on. In order to do so, actual pension receipt as well as tax and social security burden is calculated for the total population using the National Survey on Consumption and Asset surveyed by Statistics Bureau of the Japanese Government. The result shows that the system implicitly assumes full-time or low earning housewives and male core income earner, discouraging married female to work over a certain income point. The public pension receipt also shows that majority of female pension receipt is about Basic Pension but no more and also in some cases f … More amily internal transfer compensate for no receipt of public pension.In order to compare the situation in Japan with other countries, International Social Survey Program(ISSP) Gender Roles II 2002 is to see how average wife and husband's role differs in different nations. We made comparison of different countries on whether husband's and wife's happiness differs when the household is single earner households or shared income households. Interestingly, in many European countries, the couples are happier when income share is about the same between couples, and in Japan, the couples are happier when the husband's income share dominates.Then, comparison within East Asian economies, namely, Japan, Korea, and China is made, on female labor supply and family events to see whether women's intermittent work behavior and favor of full-time housewife is an "East Asian culture" or not.Researches are also made on distribution effect on the use of consumption tax over income tax to fund the Basic Pension, as well as simulation on women's labor supply and likely receipt of public pension by her choice of full-time work, non-standard work and no-work. Less