An Approach to Universal Design from System Science

为了解决最近通用设计（UD）的方法与起源于R.Mace的“UD原则”渐行渐远的情况，我们通过使用系统科学的概念来检查UD的指导方针。该指南认为通过改变物理量来重新设计是最后的手段。该指南旨在将设计师的意图集中在定性的摸索上。我们研究的轴心是我们对UD的充分条件的假设：“而不是强制一个唯一的优化操作序列，它们有各种各样的解释”和“慷慨的约束提供可能的操作”和“操作之间的相互作用和随后的功能变化可以被解释为对话”。我们把这个轴分成三个相互依存的子轴。第一个子轴是阐明概念：“慷慨约束”和“作为对话的交互”。为此，我们根据模态逻辑和信息通道的任意性，在定性信息论中提出了“慷慨约束”模型。我们还提出了一个基于“作为对话的交互”的设计支持系统框架，该框架从真性、道义和时间模态以及目的论因果必然性的角度来定义。第二个子轴是从定性到定量设计过程的桥梁。采用遗传算法，我们开发了一个约束求解器，将定性陈述作为约束，然后确定定量参数。第三个子轴是实际的证明。将第一轴和第二轴的计算结果应用于若干设计中。例如，我们参与了大阪市某康复中心病房洗手间的设计项目，与京都某创业公司合作的无人自行车停车场大门设计项目，以及网页设计项目。此外，为了与UD进行比较，我们邀请了包容性设计的权威专家julia Cassim女士，并开展了工作坊。少

To address the situation where recent methodologies of Universal Design (UD) become estranged from "the principles of UD" originated with R.Mace, we examined guidelines for UD by employing notions of systems science. The guidelines regard re-designs by alterations of physical quantities as a last resort. The guidelines aim to focus designers' intentions to qualitative gropes. The axis of our research is our assumption of a sufficient condition on UD : "instead of enforcing an unique optimized operation-sequence, they are open to various interpretations" and "generous constraints afford possible operations" and "interactions between a operation and the following alterations of affordance can be interpreted as a conversation." We broke this axis down into three sub-axes that are interdependent with each other.The first sub-axis was to elucidate the concepts : "generous constraint" and "interaction as conversation." For this purpose, we proposed models of "generous constraint" by modal lo … More gics and by the arbitrariness of information channels in terms of Qualitative Information Theory. We also proposed a framework of a design support system based on "interaction as conversation" defined from the viewpoint of alethic, deontic and temporal modalities, and teleological-causal necessities.The second sub-axis was bridging from qualitative to quantitative design processes. Adopting genetic algorithms, we developed a constraint solver that treats qualitative statements as constraints then decides quantitative parameters.The third sub-axis was actual proofs. The results of first and second axes were applied to several designs. For example, we participated in the project of designing rest rooms in the ward of a rehabilitation center in Osaka pref., that of designing entrance gates of unattended bicycle parking lots with a venture company in Kyoto city, and that of web pages.Furthermore, for comparing with UD, we invited Ms. Jullia Cassim, the leading expert of Inclusive Design, and carried out a workshop. Less