A GENEALOGICAL STUDY OF HINDU MANDIR ARCHITECTURE OF THE KATHMANDU VALLEY

关于加德满都山谷的传统建筑，其历史和独特的形成受到了关注，现在部分建筑和城镇已被联合国教科文组织指定为世界遗产之一。Mandir（多屋顶塔）是加德满都谷地传统建筑的典型建筑类型。澄清这些多层塔的血统是东方建筑史上的一个关键问题。本研究的方法是收集实例，只关注加德满都谷地的Mandir及其周边地区。在收集了所有的信息后，进行了分析和整理模式。将收集到的材料、照片和视频图像数字化，对未来的修复非常有用。分析结果如下：Mandir是尼泊尔印度教的多屋顶塔，采用砖墙和木柱围殿的方法建造，屋顶是双层的。由于这些是之前的，并且存在许多证据，有证据表明在原来的双塔上增加了额外的楼层，这种类型的结构是尼泊尔双塔的基本形成。但是，一旦正方形的一侧长度超过4000毫米，则要在离墙壁稍远的神社外部再涂上一堵墙或一系列墙。就建筑形式而言，一个完美的方形多屋顶塔楼被视为一个传承。考虑到这一发展过程，很难说之前佛教建筑的平原形式（有走道）是适应于这种特殊的形式的。一个小规模的平原，只有外墙环绕，与其他地区有不同的上层结构，然而，印度的各个地区都有相同的人物和概念，这一事实应该在血统问题上得到注意

Regarding the traditional architecture in the Kathmandu Valley, its history and unique formation have been focused, and now part of architecture and town has been appointed as one of the world heritages by UNESCO. Mandir (the Multi-roofed tower) is the typical architectural type of the traditional architecture in the Kathmandu Valley. Clarifying the lineage of these Multi-Roofed Towers is a critical issue for the Oriental Architectural History. The method of this study is to make collection of examples by focusing on only Mandir in the Kathmandu Valley and its surroundings. After collecting all of the information, then analysis and sort-out patterns were done. Digitalizing the collected material, photos and video images can become very useful for future restoration. Followings are the results of analysis :Mandir, which is the multi-roof tower of Hindu in Nepal, is built by using the method of enclosing Shrine with brick walls and wood columns and the roofs are doubled. Since these are preceded, and many evidences are existed, there are evidences of adding extra floors on to the original doubled-towers, this type of structure is the basic formation of the doubled-tower in Nepal. However, once a side of the square becomes longer than 4000 mm, another wall or a series of walls is to be applied to the outside of shrine that is a little bit away from the walls. As far as the Architectural formation, a perfect-square figured Multi-roof tower is treated as one lineage.Considering this developing process, it may be difficult to say that the plain formation (which has walkways) of preceded Buddhism Architecture was adapted into this particular formation. A small scaled plain, which is only surrounded by outer walls, has a different upper structure from others, however, the fact that various areas in India share the same figures and concepts should be noted in the matte of lineage