Systematics of Pamphiliinae feeding on broad-leaved trees and the evolution of their host preference and nest-building behavior

1.为了丰富研究材料，2003年至2006年6月至7月在北海道的各个地区，2003年至2006年5月至9月在本州和四国的各个地区，2005年5月至6月在中国陕西秦岭采集了Pamphiliine叶蜂的成虫和未成熟阶段。获得了一些未报道的种类以及幼虫寄主和筑巢行为的新信息.以成虫形态学为主要依据，利用PAUP和MacClade软件分析了扁蚜亚科的系统发育关系。结果表明，扁尾鱼属各属、各种组的单系性以及以前的亲缘关系假说（Shinohara，2002）得到了普遍支持。通过将寄主植物信息和各物种的筑巢行为信息整合到分支图中，得到以下假设。在祖先的条件下，幼虫不卷叶，但使一个网巢的物种的神经瘤，一个属的特点主要是祖先的功能，也在形态。从这种原始类型进化出另一种类型的幼虫巢，幼虫通过粗略地折叠叶子的边缘来形成不规则的庇护所;这种类型的幼虫庇护所以Onycholyda和一些Pamphilius物种而闻名。在许多Pamphilius物种中，幼虫通过有规律地紧紧地卷起叶缘来形成管状的庇护所。这是进一步的发展。基本上，卵产在叶子的下表面，幼虫的庇护所也在下表面，而在Pamphilius vafer组的某些物种中，卵和庇护所在上表面。后者是一种专门化的产卵状态和造巢行为.本研究过程中的部分新发现已发表在19篇单独的论文中。

1. To enrich the material for study, adults and immature stages of Pamphiliine sawflies were collected in various regions of Hokkaido in June to July, 2003 to 2006, in various regions of Honshu and Shikoku in May to September, 2003 to 2006, and in Qinling Mountains, Shaanxi, China, in May to June, 2005. Some undescribed species and new information about the larval hosts and nest-building behavior were obtained.2. Mainly based on adult morphology, phylogenetic relationship of the species of the Pamphiliinae was analyzed using PAUP and MacClade. As a result, the monophyly of each genus and each species-group of Pamphilius as well as the previous hypothesis of their relationships (Shinohara, 2002) were generally supported. By incorporating the information of the host plants and nest-building behavior of each species into the cladogram, the following hypothesis was obtained. In the ancestral condition, larvae do not roll leaves but make a web-nest as in the species of Neurotoma, a genus characterized mainly by ancestral features also in morphology. From this primitive type evolved another type of larval nest, where the larva makes an irregular shelter by roughly folding the margin of a leaf ; this type of larval shelters are known for Onycholyda and some Pamphilius species. In many Pamphilius species, the larva makes a tube-like shelter by regularly and tightly rolling the leaf margin. This is further development. Basically, the eggs are laid on the under surface of a leaf and the larval shelter is made also on the under surface, whereas, in some species of the Pamphilius vafer group, the eggs and shelters are on the upper surface. The latter is a specialized state of oviposition and shelter making behavior.3. Part of new findings during the course of this study have been published in 19 separate papers.