Sociological comparative studies on the developpement process of French Comics

法国漫画的发展与日本漫画有很大的不同。这两个漫画的起源可能是二战前的美国。在美国，漫画从19世纪末开始存在。来自欧洲的移民，尤其是讲德语的人开始画漫画，其中最著名的一本名为《Katzenjammer Kids》。在1920年代的《S》和30年代的《S》中，出现了许多新类型的漫画，例如亚历克斯·雷蒙德的《闪电侠戈登》和切斯特·古尔德的迪克·特雷西。这一时期被称为美国漫画的黄金时代，因为许多英雄诞生了，即使在21世纪他们仍然很有名，比如蜘蛛侠和蝙蝠侠。在法国，这些美国漫画在第二次世界大战之前就已经进口了。当战争开始时，著名的美国漫画《闪电侠戈登》因为德国的进攻而没有到来，比利时漫画作家埃德加·雅各布代替亚历克斯·雷蒙德绘制了这些漫画。后来比利时作家Be…莫尔因自己的作品而非常出名，如《黄色标记》。真正的欧洲漫画是1929年由比利时的埃尔热创作的，名为《丁丁》。这位穿着短裙的男孩带着他的狗米卢(在日本也被称为“白雪”)环游世界。丁丁和米卢的这些冒险故事是典型的法比喜剧，因为它们具有政治和社会意义。例如，在《蓝色莲花》中，丁丁在第二次世界大战前去了桑海，当时中国的城市被日军和其他欧洲国家瓜分。日本鸦片集团的老板是三菱，他策划了满洲里事变。这样，《丁丁历险记》不仅是一部娱乐小说，而且对现实的历史问题非常关键。二战后，两家大型漫画杂志活跃起来，许多作家取得了成功。1959年，雷内·戈西尼(Rene Gossiny)创办了一本非常重要的漫画杂志，名为《Pilote》。1968年，学生力量在法国爆发，漫画发生了很大变化。因为新一代漫画人喜欢成人漫画。在70年代的S和80年代的S，出现了许多年轻的作家，法国漫画的内容是不受限制的。讽刺、暴力和爱情是最受欢迎的主题。从那时起，法国漫画就不再自责了，每个作家都有自己的风格。例如，意大利漫画画家利伯拉托雷以他的兰克赛罗闻名，他的戴森非常暴力和美丽。恩基·比拉尔也很出名，在柏林墙倒塌之前，他在社会主义国家绘制了寒冷的冬天。皮查德或Crepax所画的女孩非常美丽和性感。菲利普·德鲁埃的太空歌剧就像女王的摇滚乐《波西米亚狂想曲》一样非凡。法国漫画因其艺术表现力而与日本漫画越来越不同。在欧洲，漫画不仅是娱乐的媒介，也是艺术的媒介，他们以图片和电影院的名字称其为“九艺”。但从2000年开始，许多日本漫画开始进军法国，漫画市场的竞争也日趋激烈。较少

The developpement of French comics is very different from Japanese comics. The origine of these two comics might be that of the United States before the World War II. In America, the comics began to exist at the end of the 19 th century. The immigrants from europe, especcially the german speaking people began to draw the comics, and the famous one was entitled "Katzenjammer Kids". And in the 1920's and the 30's, many new types of comics appeared, for exemple, the Flash Gordon by Alex Raymond and Dick Tracy by Chester Gould. This period is called "the golden age" of American comics, because many heros were born, and they still have been famous even in the 21 st centry, like Spiderman and Batman.In France, these american comics were already imported before the World War II. When the war began, the famous american comic "Flash Gordon" did not arrive because of the German attack, the belgium comic writer, Edgar Jacob drawed the pictures in place of Alex Raymond. Later the belgium writer be … More came very famous with his own works like "the Yellow Mark".The authentic european comic was made by Herge in Belgium, entitled "Tintin" in 1929. The boy in culotte travels all over the world with his dog Milou (also called "Snowy" in Japan).. These adventures of Tintin and Milou are typical frencch-belgium comic, because of their political and social meaning. For example, in the "Blue Lotus", Tintin goes to Sanghai just before the World War II, when the chinese city was devided by the Japanese army and other european countries. The boss of the japanese group dealing with opium was Mitsuhirato, and he planned the Manchurian Incident. In this way, the adventure of Tintin is not only a fiction for amusement, but it is very critical to the real historical problem.After the World War II, two big comic magazines were active and many writers succeeded. In 1959, very impotant comic magazine was born by Rene Gossiny, called "Pilote". In 1968, the student power exploided in France and the comics changed much. Because new comic generation liked comics for adult people. In the 70's and 80's, many young writers appeared and there is no limit to the contents of French comics. Satire, violence and love, they are the themes very prefered.Since then, french comics don't do the auto-censure and each writer has his own style. For example, the italian comic painter, Liberatore is famous for his Ranxerox, with very violent and beautiful dessin. Enki Bilal is also famous, drawing cold winter in socialist countries before the fall of Berlin wall. The girls painted by Pichard or Crepax are very beautiful and sexy. The space opera of Philippe Druillet is extraordinary like the rock music "Bohemian Rhapsody" by the Queen.The french comics become more and more different from japanese comics, because of their artistic expresssions. Comics in Europe are not only the media of amusement but also Art, which they call so the "nineth Art", after the pictures and the cinemas. But since 2000, many japanese comics begin to invade in France and the competition in comic market is furious now. Less