Coordination Funds

厄瓜多尔东南部的热带山地雨林和干旱森林（MRF，MRF）受到气候和土地使用变化的威胁。它们的多样性和复杂性使得预测它们如何应对环境变化具有挑战性。作为一个解决方案，我们结合了一个基于特征的响应-效应-框架（REF）与改进的陆面模型（LSM）在第一阶段的生态系统功能（TF），生物量生产和水通量，对环境变化的项目响应。我们专注于MRF，在那里我们成功地实施了一个情节系统和采样的非生物驱动程序，生物性状和先验选择的植物功能类型（PFT）的过程数据。我们进行了第一次REF分析，指出了TF的非生物驱动因素，性状多样性和生物过程之间复杂的相互作用。我们开发了本地适应，生物多样性通知LSM HUMBOL-TD（Hydroatmo统一模型的生物相互作用和本地性状多样性）耦合三个模型，涵盖了相关的分区的MRF。改进是草食动物和菌根介导的营养吸收的新模块。在第二阶段，我们将继续专注于揭示生态系统生物量生产和水通量如何受到气候和土地利用变化的影响，通过改变响应和效应性状，但我们的核心地块系统和采样方案的基础上，先验选择的PFT相邻的植被。非常大的非生物梯度和不同的季节性提供了前所未有的机会，以获得非生物驱动因素，功能性状和生物过程之间的相互作用，在这些生态系统形成的生物多样性热点的机械理解。我们将调整和测试HUMBOL-TD，以适应新的核心绘图系统。我们将通过网格化遥感产品、气候变化情景数据和空间明确的优化土地利用情景，为整个流域（MDR和MRF）实施一个区域范围的模型版本。我们的主要目的是测试我们的中心假设在不同的气候变化情景下的生态系统阻力和土地利用变化的选择与区域范围内的模型结果和REF。我们预计，功能性状多样性是由水的可用性和季节性的驱动，而它是由营养物质的可用性和温度的MRF。我们还期望功能冗余稳定生物过程对气候变化的反应。我们假设功能性状的多样性增加了TF对气候变化的抵抗力。同样，我们预计，功能性状多样性，和TF的电阻从天然林人为替代系统下降。尽管如此，我们预计，适应和可持续的土地利用系统和景观组成将提高可持续发展和MRF对气候变化的抵抗力。

The tropical mountain rain and dry forests (MRF, MDF) of SE-Ecuador are threatened by climate and land-use changes. Their diversity and complexity make projections how they respond to environmental changes challenging. As a solution, we combined a trait-based Response-Effect-Framework (REF) with an improved Land Surface Model (LSM) in phase 1 of RESPECT to project the response of two target ecosystem functions (TF), biomass production and water fluxes, to environmental changes. We focused on the MRF where we successfully implemented a plot system and sampled abiotic drivers, biotic trait and process data for a-priori selected plant functional types (PFTs). We conducted first REF analyses that pointed to a complex interplay between abiotic drivers, trait diversity and biotic processes for the TFs. We developed the locally adapted, biodiversity informed LSM HUMBOL-TD (Hydroatmo Unified Model of BiOtic interactions and Local Trait Diversity) by coupling three models that cover the relevant compartments of the MRF. Improvements were new modules on herbivory and mycorrhiza-mediated nutrient uptake. Model testing with independent data showed that local functional trait and soil data substantially improve the simulations.In phase 2, we will keep our focus on unveiling how ecosystem biomass production and water fluxes are affected by climate and land-use changes through alterations in response and effect traits but extend our core plot system and sampling scheme based on a-priori selected PFTs to the adjacent MDF. The very large abiotic gradient and the differing seasonality offers unprecedented opportunities to gain a mechanistic understanding of the interplay between abiotic drivers, functional traits and biotic processes in these ecosystems forming the biodiversity hotspot. We will adapt and test the HUMBOL-TD to/for the MDF on the new core plot system. We will implement an area-wide version of the model for the entire catchments (MDR and MRF) by means of gridded remote sensing products, climate change scenario data and spatial-explicit optimized land-use scenarios. Our main aim is to test our central hypotheses on ecosystem resistance under different climate change scenarios and land-use change options with the area-wide model results and the REF. We expect that functional trait diversity is driven by water availability and seasonality in the MDF, whereas it is driven by nutrient availability and temperature in the MRF. We also expect that functional redundancy stabilizes responses of biotic processes to climate change. We hypothesize that functional trait diversity increases the resistance of the TFs to climate change. Similarly, we expect that functional trait diversity, and the resistance of the TFs decreases from natural forests to anthropogenic replacement systems. Nevertheless, we expect that adapted and sustainable land-use systems and landscape composition will enhance the resistance of MDF and MRF to climate change.