Use of Natural Enemy Attractant (Synomone) and Associative Learning in Biological Control

本文研究了卡利亚雌虫学习与产卵经验相关的植物挥发物的能力。首先，我们观察了黄蜂在遇到寄主时的产卵行为。大多数幼稚的黄蜂在第一次相遇时就表现出产卵行为。在第一次产卵后，只有30%的黄蜂在与寄主多次接触后表现出第二次产卵反应。第一次产卵6小时后，约80%的胡蜂在第一次接触时表现出第二次产卵反应。其次，在风洞中研究了胡蜂对植物挥发物的响应。产卵后数小时内，雌虫对挥发物的反应与未产卵雌虫无显著差异。然而，在第一次产卵8小时后，雌虫对挥发物的反应明显高于未产卵雌虫。探讨了产卵经验对卡里亚瓢虫学习反应的影响。在风洞中研究了叶片年龄对寄生蜂对植物-食草动物复合物飞行反应的影响。被寄主幼虫（常见粘虫：Mythimna separata）侵染的幼叶和老叶都比未侵染的叶片吸引更多的黄蜂。在选择实验中，胡蜂对未侵染幼叶和未侵染老叶的偏好无显著差异。然而，在选择实验中，当将幼叶与老叶进行比较时，胡蜂对幼叶有明显的偏好。在单林分试验中，对侵染幼叶和侵染老叶的着陆反应无显著差异。受侵染玉米叶片对黄蜂的吸引力随叶龄的不同而不同，说明玉米植株诱导间接防御的分配存在差异。

The ability of Cotesia kariyai females to learn plant volatiles associated with an oviposition experience was investigated. First, we observed the wasps' oviposition behavior when encountering a host. Most naive wasps showed oviposition behavior at the first encounter. Immediately after the first oviposition, only 30% of the wasps showed a second oviposition response after several encounters with the host. Six hours after the first oviposition, ca.80% of the wasps showed a second oviposition response at the first contact. Second, the response of wasps to plant volatiles was investigated in a wind tunnel. Within a few hours after the oviposition experience, the response of females to volatiles was not significantly different from that of naive females. However, eight hours after the first oviposition, females showed significantly higher responses to the volatiles than the naive females. The effect of oviposition experience on the learning response of C.kariyai is discussed.Effect of leaf age on the flight response of a parasitic wasp, Cotesia kariyai, to a plant-herbivore complex was studied in a wind tunnel. Both young and old leaves infested with host larvae (common armyworms : Mythimna separata) attracted more wasps than their respective uninfested leaves. Preference of the wasps to uninfested young leaves vs.uninfested old leaves was not significantly different in choice experiments. However, when young infested leaves were compared against old infested leaves in choice experiments, the wasps showed significant preference to the former. n the single stand experiments, % landing response to young infested leaves was not significantly different from the old infested leaves. The fact that attractiveness of infested corn leaves to wasps differs according to leaf age suggests differential allocation of induced indirect defense in the corn plant.