Chemical Ecology of Pollination Syndrome between Orchids and Fruit Flies in South East Asia

东方果蝇（Bactrocera dorsalis）和瓜蝇（B. cucurbitae）是热带和亚热带水果中极具破坏性的害虫。这些果蝇（绢蝇科）的雄性对植物产生的特定苯丙素有强烈的吸引力：对桃蚜有甲基丁香酚（ME）的吸引力，对葫芦蚜有覆盆子酮（RK）及其乙酰基衍生物（诱饵）的吸引力。这些引诱剂已成功地用作大规模诱捕和监测这些害虫根除计划期间的种群数量的诱饵（例如在冲绳群岛）。有趣的是，球茎兰属（兰科）的许多兰花物种的花产生这些果蝇引诱剂，并通过精心设计的活动唇机制暂时诱捕苍蝇以吸引它们作为传粉者。结果表明，ME是布氏花香味的主要成分。cheiri和Bu。从Bu中鉴定出了vinum和RK。apertum。然而，在蒲公英的花香中发现了姜酮（ZN）。专利和Bu。baileyi。ZN具有介于ME和RK之间的杂交化学结构，使它们能够吸引更广泛的果蝇传粉者物种，无论是在背蝇类还是葫芦类。这些种类的雄性果蝇在有效地帮助花授粉的同时，通过舔舐含有大量引诱物质的花组织，获得性信息素物质（或其前体）来吸引同种雌性。这些都是昆虫和植物之间真正互惠相互作用的罕见例子，这种相互作用是由花的同体激素介导的，在这种相互作用中，两种生物都通过大大提高各自生殖系统的成功机会来获得优势。

The oriental fruit fly (Bactrocera dorsalis) and melon fly (B. cucurbitae) are very destructive pest insects of numerous tropical and subtropical fruits. Males of these fruit flies (Tephritidae) are strongly attracted to specific phenylpropanoids produced by plants: methyl eugenol (ME) for B. dorsalis and raspberry ketone (RK) and its acetyl derivative (cue-lure) for B. cucurbitae. These attractants have been successfully used as baits in mass trapping and monitoring population during eradication programs for these pests (e.g. in Okinawa Islands). Interestingly, flowers of many orchid species in the genus Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) produce these fruit fly attractants and temporarily trap the flies to entice them as pollinators by elaborate movable-lip mechanism. ME was identified as the major component of floral fragrance in Bu. cheiri and Bu. vinaceum and RK was identified from Bu. apertum. Nevertheless, zingerone (ZN), was found in the floral fragrance of Bu. patens and Bu. baileyi. ZN has a hybrid chemical structure between ME and RK, enabling them to entice a wider range of fruit fly pollinator species both in the B. dorsalis and B. cucurbitae groups. The male fruit flies of these species effectively help to pollinate flowers and at the same time, by licking the floral tissues which contain substantial quantities of lure substances, obtain a sex pheromone material (or its precursor) to attract conspecific females.. These are rare examples of a true mutualistic interaction between insects and plants mediated by a floral synomone, in which both organisms obtain advantages via greatly enhancing the chances of success in their respective reproductive systems.