A Comparative Study of the Role of Intellectuals in the Modernization of Central Eurasia

本研究以俄罗斯、哈萨克斯坦和乌兹别克斯坦的档案资料为基础。本研究的目的是分析知识分子在欧亚大陆中部现代化中的作用，以及俄罗斯帝国的民族政策。俄罗斯帝国的民族政策具有特殊性：虽然“俄罗斯化”是政府内部普遍接受的理念，但实际执行的政策却因地区和民族而异。这种倾向源于政府对公民的不信任和东方主义。特殊主义造成了知识分子活动环境的差异，知识分子自身也常常试图利用特殊主义话语。在美国的adeeb Khalid教授和哈萨克斯坦的mambet Koigeldiev教授的帮助下，我们还分析了中亚知识分子与苏联政府的关系。布哈拉和突厥斯坦的知识分子在十月革命和奥斯曼帝国投降后变得激进，并同情反殖民主义。哈萨克的知识分子在阿拉什-奥尔达沦陷后加入了苏联政府，但一直与布尔什维克关系紧张。各民族的知识分子有着不同的网络（有的与奥斯曼帝国的知识分子关系密切，有的与俄罗斯的知识分子关系更密切），文学的发展水平也不同。这些条件导致了他们对布尔什维克的不同态度，以及随后在1924年中亚国家领土划分过程中的不同行为。2005年7月，我们组织了一次国际研讨会“中亚地区和跨地区的活力：帝国、伊斯兰教和政治”，其中包括“欧亚大陆的现代知识分子”和“俄罗斯帝国和欧亚大陆”等小组讨论。2004年10月，在美国印第安纳大学举行的中央欧亚研究学会年会上，还发表了部分研究成果。少

This study was based on materials from archives of Russia, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. The aim of this study was to analyze the role of intellectuals in the modernization of Central Eurasia, as well as the nationality policy of the Russian Empire.The nationality policy of the Russian Empire was characterized by its particularism : although Russianization was an idea generally accepted inside the government, the policies actually carried out varied according to regions and ethnic groups. This tendency derived from the government's distrust of citizens and Orientalism. Particularism created differences in the setting of intellectuals' activities, and intellectuals themselves often tried to make use of particularistic discourses.With the help of Prof.Adeeb Khalid (USA) and Prof.Mambet Koigeldiev (Kazakhstan), we also analyzed the relationship between Central Eurasian intellectuals and the Soviet government. Intellectuals in Bukhara and Turkestan radicalized after the October Revolution and … More the capitulation of the Ottoman Empire, and sympathized with anti-colonialism. Kazakh intellectuals joined the Soviet government after the fall of the Alash-Orda, but always had tensions with the Bolsheviks.Intellectuals of various nationalities had different networks (some had close relations with intellectuals in the Ottoman Empire, and others had closer relations with Russian intellectuals) and different levels of development of literature. These conditions produced differences in their attitudes toward the Bolsheviks and, subsequently, their behavior during the process of national-territorial delimitation in Central Asia in 1924.We organized an international symposium "Regional and Transregional Dynamism in Central Eurasia : Empires, Islam and Politics," which included such panels as "Modern Intellectuals in Central Eurasia" and "The Russian Empire and Central Eurasia," in July 2005. A part of the research results was also presented at the annual conference of the Central Eurasian Studies Society at Indiana University in October 2004. Less