Economic relationships for woodlands in documents of court cases < notitia > in northern Italy in the Carolingian period

林地和沼泽是<incultum>农村经济的重要组成部分。农民可以在这些地方养牛。在<glandaticus>这一时期，农民的一种习俗（在森林里用橡子喂猪的权利）得到了很好的承认。此外，农民可以在林地和沼泽地狩猎，可以在支付一定费用的情况下追逐鹿和野猪<venatio>，这是对地主的一种应得，林地和沼泽地使用权的复杂性引发了许多冲突和诉讼。<Notitia>在北方意大利，法院判例文书广泛存在，在这些文书中，我们可以找到许多来自修道院、地主和农民的诉讼请求。一般来说，寺院要求独占的、完全的财产权，农民则坚持他们对森林的使用权，但在世纪，另一种类型的森林<silva stalaria >出现了。这是一片矮林地，可以用来打柴和打柴。这不是公共土地，而是私人财产的个人地带。在农村社会，公共土地和私人地带是相容的。在一个乡村景观中，整个林地被保护，所有者可以买卖他们的个人条带，但他们不能试图进行土地清理。我们可以根据<notitia>司法会议的文件找到这些情况。这些司法会议各不相同。由伯爵的一名代表主持的乡村会议，以及<placita><missi>在旅途中由伯爵主持的乡村会议，都包括在这些会议中。意大利北方的自由农民非常积极，他们可以要求司法会议的权利。我们不得不从这些活跃的农民的角度重新思考二元庄园制在10世纪意大利的重要性、影响及其迅速衰落的原因。

Woodland and Po Marshes were very significant <incultum> parts for rural economy. Peasants could feed their cattle in these places. The <glandaticus> (the right to feed acorns to pigs in forests) was well recognized in this period as a custom of peasants. And moreover, peasants could hunt in woodland and Po Marshes, could chase deer and wild boar if they could pay <venatio>, a kind of due to land lord.The complicated rights of usage of woodland and Po Marshes caused many conflicts and court cases. <Notitia>, documents of court cases were widespread in the northern Italy, and we can find many claims from monasteries, landlords and peasants in these documents. In general, monasteries wanted exclusive, full rights of property and peasants insisted on their rights of usage for forests as their common land.But at tenth century, another kind of forests <silva stalaria > was notable. It was a piece of coppice woodland to take firewood and sticks. It wasn't common land but a personal strip of land of private property. In a rural society, common land and personal strips were compatible. In a rural landscape, whole woodlands were conserved, and owners could buy and sell their personal strips but they couldn't try to make land clearance.We can find these situations based on <notitia>, documents of judicial meetings. These judicial meetings varied. Rural assemblies presided over by one of the count's delegates, and the <placita>, held by the <missi> during their journey were included in these meetings. Free peasants in northern Italy were so active that they could claim their right to judicial meetings. We have to reconsider the importance and impact of bi partite manorial system and cause of its quick declination in the tenth century in Italy from these active peasants' sides.