Accumulation in textiles and release by laundry as an emission pathway for aromatic amines from indoor environments to waste- and surface waters

室内环境中的化学污染包括室内物体、材料或室内人类活动排放的各种化学物质，当这些化学物质进入水循环时，可能会对水生态系统构成风险。我们假设，室内环境排放的芳香胺(AAs)对接收这些排放的地表水中观察到的芳香胺总量和相关的致突变性有很大贡献。由室内排放源污染的受AAs污染的洗涤纺织品是这些物质进入废水的媒介。这一途径可能有助于我们更好地了解在地表水中没有明确排放源的情况下AAs的发生。许多研究报告称，AAs是地表水以及室内人类活动(如吸烟和烤肉)产生的生活废水中致突变性的关键驱动因素。它们可以通过气体吸附或积累颗粒(如室内灰尘)吸附到纺织品上。因此，我们的目标是从以下四个方面研究室内芳香胺通过纺织洗衣水进入地表水的途径：(I)官能团特异性非靶标筛选，以检测沿着所建议的途径的所有基质中的整个化合物类别，即纺织、粉尘、洗衣水的提取物，废水和地表水(Ii)开发和使用监测工具，选择性地浓缩废水和表面水中的芳香胺，以揭示其在废水处理厂中的去向及其对水生生物的相关风险(Iii)通过空气和颗粒的粘附性表征芳香胺在纺织品上的吸收及其在室内环境中的分布，通过实验室和现场纺织品暴露实验，以及(Iv)将所有开发的工具和方法与诊断致突变性测试相结合，以阐明拟议排放途径的输入。这包括在室内环境中暴露于不同AA来源的纺织品，洗衣实验，以及从污水处理厂和污水接收水中收集样本，以确定与来源相关的模式，并揭示驱动所观察到的诱变活动的关键AA。通过这种方法，我们的目标是弥合到目前为止尚未探索的室内暴露和环境污染之间的差距。该项目将结合一家德国研究所和一家捷克研究所的专门知识，包括复杂环境混合物中有机污染物的目标可疑和非目标筛选、地表水的致突变性和致因化学品、基于影响的工具、环境基质中的被动采样、室内环境中化合物的分配机制。

Chemical contamination in indoor environments contains a wide range of chemicals emitted by indoor objects, materials or indoor human activities and can pose a risk to aquatic ecosystems when the chemicals enter the water cycle. We hypothesize that aromatic amines (AAs) emitted from indoor environments significantly contribute to the total amount of AAs and related mutagenicity observed in surface waters receiving these emissions. Laundered textiles contaminated with AAs by indoor emission sources act as a vector of these substances to wastewaters. This pathway may help us understand better the occurrence of AAs without clear emission sources found in surface waters. AAs are reported in many studies to be key drivers of mutagenicity in surface waters, as well as in domestic wastewaters originating from indoor human activities like tobacco smoking and grilling meat. They can adsorb to textiles via gaseous sorption or accumulation of particles such as house dust. Therefore, we aim to investigate the pathway of indoor aromatic amines via textile laundry waters into surface waters in the following four aspects: (i) functional group specific nontarget screening to detect the whole compound class in all matrices along the suggested pathway, namely, extracts of textile, dust, laundry water, wastewater and surface water (ii) development and use of monitoring tools to selectively enrich aromatic amines from wastewater and surfacewaters to unravel their fate in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and associated risk to aquatic organisms (iii) characterizing uptake of aromatic amines on textiles through air and particle adhesion and their distribution in indoor environments via laboratory and field-based textile exposure experiments and (iv) applying all developed tools and methods in combination with diagnostic mutagenicity testing to elucidate the input of the proposed emission pathway. This includes textile exposure in indoor environments with different AA sources, laundry experiments, and sample collection from WWTPs and effluent receiving waters to identify the source-related patterns, and to unravel the key AAs that drive the observed mutagenic activities. With this approach we aim to bridge the so far unexplored gap between indoor exposure and environmental contamination. This project will combine the expertise of one German and one Czech research institute,including target suspect and nontarget screening of organic contaminants in complex environmental mixtures, surface water mutagenicity and causative chemicals, effect-based tools, passive sampling in environmental matrices, distribution mechanisms ofcompounds in indoor environments.